|
 Apaturia, meeting of the clans,
ancient Greece (Nov 3 -
5)
Athenaeus
(c. 200) mentions a decree that gave the Council of
Athens a holiday for the festival of the Apaturia:
"So that the Council might celebrate the Apaturia with the rest of the Athenians, according to the traditional ways, it has been decreed by the Council that the Councilors be dismissed for those days that the other offices have off, that is, five days starting from the day on which the Protenthae celebrate the opening feast of the
Apaturia".
The Apaturia was commemorated by all Ionian Greeks except those of Colophon and Ephesus. It was celebrated in the month of Pyanepsion (October to November) and lasted three days (our placement in the Book of Days is fairly arbitrary). The name is roughly translated as
'common relationship';
Xenophon (431 - c. 354 BCE), tells us that during the celebration, fathers and relations assembled.
Various phratries, or clans assembled to discuss their affairs during the Apaturia. The first day was called Dorpeia, as it involved the gathering of the members of the
phratria for a shared banquet (dorpon).
The second day was named Anarrhysis (pulling back). On this day, for each of the babies born during that year, or any who had not been registered, a sheep or goat was sacrificed. The father, or his proxy, had to swear that the baby was the offspring of free-born parents, who were citizens of whichever city they came from.
On the third and final day, called Cureotis, the phatores gave their votes, which they took from an altar of Zeus Phratrius
(Athena Phratria was also
honoured at this festival). It might happen that the child would be refused membership by this vote, in which case the case could be taken to a court. If the child's (or rather, parents') claim was found by the civil court to be acceptable, its name as well as that of the father, was entered into a register of the phratria, and those who had objected were liable to punishment.
Pictured
above: Zeus holding the infant Dionysus
Roman
festivals and notable days in the Book of Days
Deities
of many cultures in the Book of Days
Festivals in ancient Greece
More
Feast day of St Acepsimas
Feast day of St Acheric
Feast day of St Alphais
Feast day of St Clydog
Feast day of St Cristiolus
Feast day of St Domnus of
Vienne
Feast day of St Elerius
Feast day of St Englatius
Feast day of St Flour (Florus),
bishop and confessor
(Primrose, Primula vulgaris, is
today's plant, dedicated to this saint.)
Feast day of St Gaudiosus of
Tarazona
Feast day of St Germanus
Germanus of Auxerre (c. 378
- July 31,
448)
became bishop of Auxerre
in Gaul.
Prior to this he had also practised law and held a post of
provincial governor. He visited Britain
in 429 in
response to the growth of Pelagianism
there and the records of his visit provide valuable information on
the state of post-Roman British society. He is a saint
in both the Roman
Catholic and Orthodox
churches.
Feast day of St Guenhael
Feast day of St Hermengaudius
Feast day of St Hilary of
Viterbo
Feast day of St Hubert of
Liege
Feast day of St Ida of
Toggenburg
 Feast day of St
Malachy
O'More
(Maolmhaodhog ua Morgair; Maelmhaedhoc Ó Morgair; Maol Maedoc; Malachy O'Morgair;
1094 -
November 2,
1148),
Archbishop of Armagh, Ireland
'The Irish
Nostradamus'
In 1139, St Malachi went to visit Pope
Innocent II
in Rome and later visited St Bernard in Clairvaux in France, where he penned his
Prophecies of the Popes. He describes many popes in
'mottoes' of just a few words. Some people say that,
from Malachy's prophecies, the second pope next after Pope
John Paul II will be
Peter II
(Petrus Romanus), the pope at the end of the world. Some also say
that the penultimate pope is Pope
Benedict XVI.
In Celtic tradition, today is a day for starting new enterprises and the day the cattle are taken down from the mountains and high hills for
Winter.
Today also marks the initiation of the soul during the Winter
months which starts during Samhain (October
31) and
finishes on February
1/2,
Festival of St Brighid. St Malachy's feast is celebrated on November
3, in order not to clash with
All Souls Day.
"One of Malachy's great
claims to popular fame was his gift of prophesy. While in Rome
in 1139
he received a vision showing him all the Popes
from his day to the end of time. He wrote poetic
descriptions of each of the pontiffs,
presented the manuscript to Pope
Innocent II - and it was forgotten until 1590.
It has been in print - and hotly debated, both authenticity and
correctness - ever since. According to these prophecies, there are
only two Popes
remaining after John Paul II." Source
More
Vaticinia Nostradami
Feast day of St Martin de
Porres, patron of interracial understanding
Like St
Antony of Padua [feast day June
3, qv] Martin
de Porres experienced bilocation. In 1742, the Catholic Church
announced that he had made 'impossible' appearances in China and
Japan. (Almanac of the Uncanny 1995, 209)
St Martín was
born on December
9, 1579
in Lima,
Peru and
died there in 1639. He was
beatified
in 1873 by Pope Gregory
XVI and canonised
on May 16,
1962 by
Pope John
XXIII. Martin was a friend of the saints John
de Massias and Rose
of Lima.
He was
a mulatto, having a Spanish father and Panamanian Indian
mother. He lived at Lima where he was a barber, farm labourer,
almoner and held other occupations. In the USA, he was adopted as the
patron saint of workers for interracial justice and harmony. (Almanac of the Uncanny 1995,
209)
Occultopedia on
bilocation Catholic
Encyclopedia on bilocation
More on bilocation: Padre Pio, 20th Century
bilocating saint
Feast day of St Papoul (Papulus),
priest and martyr
Feast day of Blessed Peter Francis Neron
Feast day of St Pirmin
Feast day of St Quartus
Feast day of St Rumwald
(Rumwold, Rumald; Rumbald), patron of Brackley and Buckingham, UK
St
Rumwald was the son of a king of Northumbria by a Christian daughter
of Penda, King of Mercia. Born at Sutton, England, as soon as he was
born he cried, "I am a Christian! I am a Christian!" He then
made a full confession of faith and asked to be baptized. After
Rumwald's baptism, he walked to a certain well near Brackley,
which now bears his name, and preached for three days. He then made
his will, and died, aged three days.
There
was a famous image of St Rumwald at Boxley, in Kent. It was very
small, but sometimes grew so heavy that no one could lift it; if a
woman could not lift it, it was sign that she was unchaste. (The
priests nailed it to the table on these occasions. If a woman gave
the priest a present, the conman cleric would release the statue.)
"They who have read Foxe's Martyrology, will perhaps remember that several Lollards who, to save their bodies from the stake, renounced the 'new doctrine,' were nevertheless required to walk to Buckingham, and present an offering at the shrine of St. Rumald. Now this St. Rumald, whose name is also written Rumbald, and Grumbald, was a very remarkable saint. According to Leland, who copies from a monkish life of him, he was the son of the king of Northumbria by a Christian daughter of Penda, king of Mercia. He was born at Sutton, in Northamptonshire, but not far from the town of Buckingham. Immediately he came into the world, he exclaimed: 'I am a Christian! I am a Christian! I am a Christian!' He then made a full and explicit confession of his faith; desired to be forthwith baptized; appointed his own godfathers; and chose his own name. He next directed a certain large hollow stone to be fetched for his font; and when some of his father's servants attempted to obey his orders, but found the stone far too heavy to be removed, the two priests, whom he had appointed his godfathers, went for it, and bore it to him with the greatest ease. He was baptized by Bishop Widerin, assisted by a priest named Eadwold, and immediately after the ceremony he walked to a certain well near Brackley, which now bears his name, and there preached for three successive days; after which he made his will, bequeathing his body after death to remain at Sutton for one year, at Brackley for two years, and at Buckingham ever after. This done, he instantly expired.
"After this three-days' existence, the miraculous infant was buried at Sutton by Eadwold the priest; the next year he was translated by Bishop Widerin to Brackley; and the third year after his death, his remains were carried to Buckingham, and deposited in a shrine, in an aisle of the church which after-wards bore his name. Shortly before the year 1477, Richard Fowler, Esq., chancellor to Edward IV., began to rebuild this aisle, but died before its completion. In his will, therefore, he made this bequest:
"'Item, I wolle that the aforesaid Isle of St. Rumwold, in the aforesaid church prebendal of Bucks, where my body and other of my friends lyen buried, the which isle is begonne of new to be made, be fully made and performed up perfitely in all things att my costs and charge; and in the same isle that there be made of new a toumbe or shrine for the said saint where the old is now standing, and that it be made curiously with marble in length and breadth as shall be thought by myn executors most convenient, consideration had to the rome, and upon the same tombe or shrine I will that there be sett a coffyn or a chest curiously wrought and gilte, as it appertaynith for to lay in the bones of the same saint, and this also to be dean in all -things at my cost and charge.'
"This extreme care for the relics of the infant saint clearly spews that they were held in high veneration at this period, and they continued to be the object of pilgrimages till the middle of the sixteenth century.
"There was also a famous image of St. Rumald at Bexley, in Kent. This statue or image was very small and hollow, and light, so that a child of seven years old might easily lift it, but, for some reason or other, it occasionally appeared so heavy that persons of great strength were unable to move it. 'The moving hereof,' says Fuller, 'was made the conditions of women's chastity. Such who paid the priest well, might easily remove it, whilst others might tug at it to no purpose. For this was the contrivance of the cheat—that it was fastened with a pin of wood by an invisible stander behind. Now, when such offered to take it who had been bountiful to the priest before, they bare it away with ease, which was impossible for their hands to remove who had been close-fisted in their confessions. Thus it moved more laughter than devotion, and many chaste virgins and wives went away with blushing faces, leaving (without cause) the suspicion of their wantonness in the eyes of the beholders; whilst others came off with more credit (because with more coin) though with less chastity.' Fuller concludes the Legend of St. Rumald with this remark:
"'Reader, I partly guess by my own temper how thine is affected with the reading hereof, whose soul is much divided betwixt several actions at once:—1. To frown at the impudency of the first inventors of such improbable untruths.—2. To smile at the simplicity of the believers of them.—3. To sigh at that well-intended devotion abused with them. 4. To thank God that we live in times of better and brighter knowledge.'
"A memorial of the saint is still preserved at Buckingham in the names of Well Street, and St. Ruonbald's Lane; and a well at Brackley bears his name.
"It is not unworthy of observation, that Butler, in his Lives of the Saints, gives but a brief account of Rumald; and though acquainted with Leland's account of him, passes lightly over the miraculous story, only saying: 'He died very young on the 3rd of November, &c."
Robert
Chambers,
(Ed.), The
Book of Days: A miscellany of popular antiquities in connection
with the calendar, etc,
W
& R Chambers, London, 1881 (1879
Edition is online and 1869
edition here
with CD-ROM available; See also The
English Year: A Personal Selection from Chambers' Book of
Days)
Feast day of St Valentine
Feast day of St Valentinian
Feast day of St Vulganius
Feast
Day of St Winifred
(Winefride) of Wales
The patron of North Wales, a virgin martyr,
was the daughter of a Welsh chieftain who was instructed by St Bueno,
her uncle. When Prince Caradoc made unwanted advances to her; she
fled, but he cut off her head. Miraculously, St Bueno breathed life
into her again. She died a second time about 660.
The
miraculous healing spring of Holywell (Flintshire, UK) flowed from
where her head had come to rest; pilgrims in former days travelled
to bathe in its charmed waters.
A history
published in 1485 claimed that the waters from this saint's well
could heal both man and beast:
...
sprang up a welle of spryngyng water largely enduring unto this day,
which heleth al langours and seknesses as well in men as in bestes
...
Sacred
wells, springs and grottoes
Feast day of St Wulganus
Shop Saints
Click for Eastern Orthodox liturgical days
The Rhyne Toll,
Chetwode Manor (Oct 30 - Nov 7)
Jidai
Matsuri, Tokyo,
Japan
This festival celebrates the history of Tokyo and was first held in
1999. (It is not to be confused with Kyoto's
Jidai
Matsuri.)
Kitano Odori,
Kyoto, Japan (Nov
1 - 15)
Independence
Day, Panama (1903)
Independence Day, Dominica
(1978)
Independence Day, Federated States of Micronesia (1986)
Culture Day (post-1946), Emperor's
(Meiji Tenno's) Birthday (pre 1946), Japan
Japanese
festivals
On which day of the week were you born? Find out here
39 Lucan,
Roman
poet
1618
Aurangzeb,
Mughal emperor
1718 John
Montague (d. 1792), Earl of
Sandwich
"John
Montague (4th Earl of Sandwich) British politician, inventor,
explorer. The sandwich
is named for him. It is said he invented the sandwich in 1762,
because he often spent excessive amounts of time gambling and he
didn't want to get up from the gambling table, so he told his
servants to bring him meat sandwiched in between two slices of
bread. Captain Cook named the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) for him.
As first lord of the admiralty (1771-82) during the American
Revolution, he was held responsible for the navy's disastrous
unpreparedness for war. He died at the battle of Solebay, part
of the 3rd Anglo-Dutch war when his ship was set on fire by
Dutch fireships and eventually sank."
Source
1749
Daniel Rutherford
(d.
November 15,
1819),
Scottish
chemist and
physician best remembered for his
isolation of
nitrogen in
1772
"Scottish
chemist who discovered the portion of air that does not support
combustion, now known to be nitrogen. After letting a mouse live in
a confined quantity of air until it died, he burned a candle and
burned phosphorus in the same air as long as they would burn. He
assumed the remaining gas was carbon dioxide, which he dissolved by
passing it through a strong alkali. Yet there remained gas that was
incapable of supporting respiration or combustion which he knew no
longer contained oxygen or carbon dioxide. He called it
'phlogisticated air,' following the phlogiston theory of Stahl.
It was later properly described by Lavoisier. Rutherford also
designed the first maximum-minimum thermometer."
Source
1793 Stephen F
Austin (d. 1836), American
pioneer
1794
William
Cullen Bryant
(d. 1878), poet, journalist
1801 Vincenzo
Bellini (d. 1835),
Italian opera composer (Norma; La sonnambula)
1801 Karl Baedeker, German publisher of guide books
1815
John Mitchel
(d. March
20, 1875),
Irish
nationalist
activist and political journalist, who became a public voice for the
pro-slavery
viewpoint in the United
States in the 1850s
and 1860s
before ending up elected to the British
House of Commons, only to be disqualified because he was a
convicted felon. Mitchel was one of the 'Young
Irelanders'.
1816 Jubal Early (d. 1894),
Confederate General
1816 Calvin
Fairbank (d. 1898), abolitionist minister
 1831
Ignatius Donnelly, American
Congressman and author of utopian and fortean literature, especially
on Atlantis.
The
Atlantis Congressman
One of
the most prominent 19th-Century Atlantist authors (he
made his fortune with Atlantis: the
Antediluvian World), Philadelphia-born Ignatius
Donnelly was an
idiosyncratic and somewhat quixotic American Congressman whose
writings, particularly the utopian sci-fi novel, Cæsar's Column: A
Story of the Twentieth Century, profoundly influenced
the working class in pre-federation (1901) Australia.
On November 18,
1893, in the Worker, a radical magazine, a journalist called
"Murphy" pilloried and compared Australian poet and author
Henry Lawson
to Donnelly for his blood-and-thunder political article, 'A Leader of the Future' (Worker, 1893).
Perhaps
ironically, Donnelly died in Minneapolis on the first day of the century, January 1, 1901 (precisely 100
years before this Almanac was founded), the very day on which Australia's federation took effect.
Donnelly
is perhaps better known for his The
Great Cryptogram: Francis Bacon's Cipher in Shakespeare's Plays
about an alleged code in Shakespeare's work that reveals that
Francis Bacon wrote much of Shakespeare's work.
Corney George (continuing conversation):
"But
Henry George says, in
'Progress and Poverty,' he says——"
Missus (to the fowls): "Shoo! Shoo!"
Corney: "He says——"
Tom: "Marther, jist speak to this Jack."
Missus (to Jack): "If you can't behave yourself, leave the table."
Tom: "He says in Progress and——"
Missus: "Shoo!"
Neighbour: "I think 'Lookin' Backwards' is more——"
Missus: "Shoo! Shoo! Tom, can't you see that fowl?"
Selector: "Now I think 'Caesar's Column' is more likely——. Just look
at——"
From 'A
Day on a Selection', by Henry Lawson
(While
the Billy Boils, 1896)
Ignatius
Donnelly and the End of the World
Early
progressives in the Book of Days
Lawson
& Co: associations with Henry and Louisa Lawson
1874 Lucy Maud
Montgomery (d. 1942), Canadian
novelist
1879 Vilhjalmur
Stefansson, Icelandic
Arctic explorer/ethnologist
1895 Grand Duchess Olga
Nicolaievna Romanova (d. 1918)
1901
André Malraux (d.
November 23,
1976), French author
(Man's Fate),
adventurer and statesman
More
1901 Leopold III
of Belgium (d. 1983)
1903
Walker Evans,
photographer
1909
James Reston,
journalist
1921
Charles Bronson (d. August 30, 2003), American actor
(The Magnificent Seven;
Death Wish)
1928
Dr
Osamu
Tezuka (d. February
9, 1989)
was a Japanese
manga
artist and animator born in Osaka
Prefecture. He is best known as the creator of Astro
Boy and Kimba
the White Lion.
1933
John Barry,
OBE,
English composer of movie themes for eleven James Bond movies (eg,
Goldfinger;
Thunderball;
Octopussy) and
others such as
Out
of Africa,
Born
Free,
Midnight
Cowboy,
Indecent
Proposal,
Dances With Wolves to name but a few; winner of five
Oscars
1933 Michael
Dukakis, American
politician
1933 Jeremy Brett
(d. 1995),
actor
1933
Ken Berry,
actor
1938
Martin
Dunwoody, British
mathematician
1946
Tom Savini,
actor, film maker, makeup artist
1948 Marie Lowrie, better known
as Lulu,
English pop singer ('To Sir, With Love'); collaborated with David Bowie
on the song 'The Man who sold the World', and sang the title
theme to the James Bond movie
The Man with the Golden
Gun, both in 1974. In 1987, she played Adrian Mole's
mother on television, and in the 1990s
she made a comeback, guesting on the cover
version of the Dan Hartman
song Relight My Fire, with Take That.
The single reached number one in the British charts. She also
appeared as herself in an episode of the hugely popular Absolutely
Fabulous. In 2002, her Gold album
Together was a
collection of duets with the likes of Elton John, Sting
and Paul
McCartney.
1952
Roseanne (born Roseanne Cherrie Barr), American comedienne, actress (TV series
Roseanne) and author
(Roseanne: My Life as a
Woman, 1989)
"Born into a poor Jewish
family in a Mormon area of Salt Lake City, Roseanne's childhood
was shaped by a mother and grandmother who lived in the shadow of
the holocaust and a father she describes as a bully but who
unwittingly helped her channel her aggression into comedy.
Roseanne claims to have 21 personalities and her accusations that
she was abused as a child have been refuted by her parents and
sisters.
"By the age of 26 Roseanne had
three children under 4 and had worked as a window dresser, a
maid, a waitress and a prostitute when she began to write
comedy. It was while working as a cocktail waitress in 1980 that
she developed her comedy routines, practising her one-liners and
repartee on her customers."
Source
1953 Kate Capshaw,
actress
1953
Dennis
Miller, comedian
1954
Adam Ant,
singer
1956
Kevin Murphy,
actor, author and puppeteer
1957
Dolph Lundgren, Swedish
Hollywood actor, director and award-winning martial artist
1977
Aria
Giovanni, model
1986
Jasmine
Trias, singer
Year unknown
Dorothy the
Dinosaur
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November
1 All
Saints' Day
1 Nutty
Pecan Day
1 Play
A Game Of Chess Day
1 World
Vegan Day
1 Authors
Day
1 Cake
Appreciation Day
2 All
Souls' Day
2 "Practice
Being Psychic" Day
2 Deviled
Egg Day
2 Piggy
Bank Day
2 Admission
Day (North Dakota, USA)
3 Sandwich
Day
3 Tunnel
Day
3 Independence
Day (Panama)
4 Candy
Day
4 King
Tut Day
4 Mule
Day (Georgia)
4 Deer
Festival (Georgia)
4 Flag
Day (Panama)
5 Guy
Fawkes Day
5 Doughnut
Day
5 Guru
Nanak's Birthday
6 Halfway
Point Of Autumn
6 Peanut
Butter Lover's Day
6 I
Love Nachos Day
6 Saxophone
Day
7 Hug
A Bear Day
7 Bittersweet
Chocolate With Almonds Day
7 Republican
Elephant Day (USA)
8 I
Hate To Cook Day
8 Abet
And Aid Punsters Day
8 Harvey
Wallbanger Day
8 X-ray
Discovery Day
8 Young
Readers Day
8 Election
Day
8 Parents
As Teachers Day
9 Neon
Sign Day
9 Cake
Appreciation Day
9 Parade
Day, USA
9 Mariachi
Night (California, USA)
10 Forget
Me Not Day
10 USMC
Birthday
10 Toothpaste
Day
10 Headache
Day
...
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application. Further details
361 Death of Constantius II,
Roman Emperor.
1324
Petronilla,
the maid of Dame
Alice Kyteler
(also sometimes called Dame or Lady Alice Kytler;
1280
- later than
1325) of
Kilkenny,
Ireland,
said by some to be the first
person to be burned as a witch in Britain and Ireland, met her fate on this day.
Dame Alice fled to the
Kingdom of England at about this time and it would
seem that there are no further contemporary records of her. This case also
appears to be the first in which accusations were made of a witch having sex
with an incubus, as Dame
Alice was accused of sleeping with a demon called Robin Artisson.
"The first woman
to be tried and to face death for being a witch was Lady Alice Kytler (sic) who
lived in Ireland in the fourteenth century. She was a very wealthy woman who
married four times, her first three husbands all dying from a similar
mysterious illness after they had left all their money to Lady Alice. When her
fourth husband, Sir John le Poer, became poorly in 1324, he began to realise
that something suspicious was going on. Sir John demanded the key to his
wife's room and, after a struggle, discovered several chests filled with
strange instruments, lotions and potions.
"He sent
these to Bishop Ossory, recently returned from France where witch trials were
already being held. It seems likely that the bishop saw a quick way to make
money, as it was common practice for the wealth of a guilty suspect to be
confiscated and donated to the Church. He ordered Lady Alice's arrest along
with her son William and her maid Petronella (sic) who were supposedly also
involved. Lady Alice was accused of vile things including making a potion of
dead men's nails, unbaptised babies' brains, hair, poisonous herbs, worms
and intestines, all boiled together in the skull of a beheaded robber.
"But Lady Alice was a very influential woman
and persuaded the Lord Chancellor of Ireland to overrule her arrest. She
then escaped to England, taking her money with her, but Petronella the maid
was not so lucky. She became the scapegoat and was flogged until she
confessed, then burnt alive on 3 November 1324, the first person to be burnt
as a witch in the British Isles."
Source
Dame Alice
Kyteler, The Sorceress Of Kilkenny
More
1580 Death of Jeronimo Zurita y Castro,
Spanish
historian.
1639
Peru: Death of
Martín de
Porres (Martin de Porres; b.
1579),
Dominican
friar
and Roman Catholic saint.
Today is his feast day (see
above).
1664 "
Robert Hooke showed an advanced copy of his classic book Micrographia, or
some Physiological Descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with
observations and inquiries thereupon to the Royal Society in London. This
large volume contained
sketches of practically everything Hooke could view with the latest invention of
the day, the microscope. It was also history's first treatise on microbiology,
and coined the word "cell" in the biological context. Also included in this
volume are many snow crystal drawings, which for the first time revealed the
complexity and intricate symmetry of snow crystal structure. The book was
published in 1665 and became promptly a best-seller."
Source
1679 Great panic occurred in
Europe over the close approach of a bright comet.
1706
Abruzzi,
Italy, was destroyed in an earthquake which killed
15,000 people.
1755 American colonies:
Penobscot Indians in
Maine were declared to be "enemies, rebels and traitors" to His Majesty, and
bounties were offered to colonists for scalps: £40 for a male, £20 for
females, and male children under 12. Girls under 12 were apparently worthless.
Source: The Daily Bleed
1787 Death of Robert Lowth,
British
bishop, grammarian.
1793 French playwright, journalist
and feminist Olympe de Gouges
was guillotined.
1824 The first Australian trial by jury began in Sydney.
1838 The Times of India, the world's largest circulated English language
daily broadsheet newspaper was
founded. It was then known as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce.
1844 William
Makepeace Thackeray, Indian-born English novelist, completed
The
Memoirs of Barry Lyndon, Esq..
1848 A greatly revised constitution,
drafted by Johan Rudolf Thorbecke,
severely limiting the powers of the Dutch monarchy, and
strengthening the powers of the parliament and the ministers, was proclaimed
(and is still in effect today).
1848 USA: A
train carrying Whigs back from a political rally collided with a train full of
Democrats returning from a party speech; six Democrats died, Salem, MA.
1864
Antonio Gonsalves Dias,
Brazilian national poet, died at sea.
1865
USA: Mescalero Apache disappeared from
Bosque Redondo where Kit Carson had
them jailed, and were untraceable for the next seven years.
1868 US presidential election: Republican Ulysses S Grant
was elected to the first of his two terms, in a victory over Democrat Horatio Seymour.
1868
USA: The first African-American elected to Congress (John W Menard, Louisiana).
1870 Photographing of British prisoners
was made compulsory.
1883 American Old West:
Self-described 'Black
Bart the Po-8 (poet)' got away with his last stagecoach
robbery, but left an incriminating clue that eventually led to his capture.
1883
Treasure Island, by
RL Stevenson, was published.
1883 The USA Supreme Court declared Native
Americans to be "aliens".
1888 England: Jack the Ripper killed his last
victim.
1896 US presidential election: Republican William McKinley
was elected over Democrat William Jennings Bryan.
1903 With the encouragement of the United States,
Panama proclaimed itself independent from Colombia. US
President Theodore Roosevelt
wanted the United States to build the Panama Canal,
but was blocked by Colombia.
1908 US presidential election: Republican William Howard Taft
was elected over William Jennings Bryan,
who was the Democratic candidate for the third and final
time.
1911 Chevrolet
officially entered the automobile
market to compete with the Ford Model T.
1918 World War I: Austria-Hungary
entered an armistice with the Allies.
1918 Poland
declared its independence from Russia.
1923 Lady Louise Mountbatten
married Gustav, Crown Prince of
Sweden.
1926 Annie
Oakley, American Wild West show-woman, died.
1927 Forty people died when the liner Tahiti collided with the ferry Greycliffe.
1935 George II of Greece
regained his throne.
1936 US presidential election, 1936: Franklin D Roosevelt
was re-elected to a second term in a landslide victory over Alf Landon.
1942 World War II:
The Second Battle of El
Alamein ended – German
forces under Erwin Rommel
were forced to retreat during the night. The Allies captured 9,000
prisoners.
1942 The US ambassador in Tokyo cabled to Washington that a Japanese
attack on a United States position was imminent.
1943 Nazi Erntefest.
"… an event
that was code-named by the Nazis with the cynical word 'Erntefest' which
means Harvest Festival in English. The camp inmates called this day 'bloody
Wednesday.' This was the largest mass execution carried out at any of the
concentration camps in the history of the Holocaust. The victims were the last
remnants of the Jewish population in the Lublin district [in Poland – PW]." Source
1950 An Air India plane en route from
Calcutta to
Geneva smashed
into Mont Blanc, scattering its contents all over the mountainside. In June,
1978, a mailbag it was carrying in its hold was recovered, and the Swiss postal
authorities went about delivering the letters that had been sent 28 years
earlier.
1952 "Clarence Birdseye
marketed the first frozen peas in Chester, N.Y. While a U.S. field naturalist
near the Arctic, he had learned the technique of flash freezing from Labrador
Inuit. Freshly caught fish, when placed onto the Arctic ice in the frigid wind,
froze solid almost immediately. In Sep 1922, he began a company, Birdseye
Seafoods, Inc., to process chilled fish fillets at a plant near the Fulton Fish
Market in New York City. On 3 Jul 1924, he organized the General Seafood
Corporation, which began the frozen foods industry. Retail frozen foods began 6
Mar 1930, in Springfield, Massachusetts at the 'Springfield Experiment Test
Market' which offered 26 different vegetables, fruits, fish, and meats." Source
1954 The first in the Godzilla
series of films was released in Japan.
1955 The musical Guys and Dolls,
starring Marlon Brando
and Frank Sinatra,
debuted.
1956 The Wizard of Oz was shown on television
for the first time (the viewing audience was estimated at 45 million people).
1957
Sputnik program:
The Soviet Union
launched Sputnik 2. On
board was the first animal to
enter space – a Siberian
huskie
named Laika. Where
she is today, nobody knows.
"… Laika
('barker' in Russian), was sent into space in
Sputnik II. She was the first living creature launched into space. Because the
craft was not designed
for recovery, there was no way to return Laika to earth. She
died after a few days in orbit when the batteries of her life-support system
eventually went down. Biological data was returned for approximately a week
(the first data of its kind). The data showed scientists how Laika was
adapting to space - information important to the manned missions already being
planned. The satellite weighed
508.3 kilograms and remained in orbit 162 days. Laika was considered a hero
in the Soviet Union. The first human to pilot a spacecraft, Yuri Gagarin,
followed in 1961, aboard Vostok I."
Source
1957 Death of Wilhelm Reich, Austrian-born
pseudo-scientist who lived in New England, USA, and convinced thousands of his
ability to cure with quack remedies such as the 'Orgone Accumulator'. One
owned by junkie writer William Burroughs is shown in
this photograph.
He was hounded by the US government, which had
his books burned. On November 3, 1957, Wilhelm Reich died of a heart attack in
the Federal Penitentiary at Lewisburg, Pa, USA.
"He claimed to
see microscopic bions
develop from lifeless matter and organize themselves into living cells.
And he eventually came to believe he had discovered a primordial energy
essential for life, which he called orgone energy,
and which he was obsessed with for the rest of his life. Along the way of
making these various 'discoveries,' his works were either ignored or heavily
criticized by the mainstream scientific community. Reich seemed to take
every criticism of his work as a personal attack. He was convinced he had
made the greatest discoveries in the history of humanity, next to which the
discovery of electricity or the law of gravity or the wheel or fire were
insignificant."
Source: A Skeptical Scrutiny of the
Works and Theories of Wilhelm Reich
Response to Irrational Critics and So-Called "Skeptics"
1964 US presidential election, 1964: Incumbent US
President Lyndon B Johnson
defeated Republican challenger Barry Goldwater
with more than 60 per cent of the popular vote.
1967 Vietnam War: Battle of Dak To
began – Around
Dak
To (located about 280 miles north of Saigon near
the Cambodian
border) heavy casualties were suffered on both sides (the Americans
narrowly won the battle on November 22).
1969 Vietnam War: US President Richard M Nixon
addressed his nation on television
and radio asking
the "silent majority" to join him in solidarity on the Vietnam War effort
and to support his policies.
1970 Salvador Allende
was inaugurated as president of Chile.
1971 The UNIX Programmer's Manual was
published.
1972 American singer/songwriters James Taylor and
Carly Simon were married.
1975 An independent audit of Mattel, one of the United States
largest toy manufacturers, revealed that company
officials fabricated press releases
and financial information to "maintain the appearance of continued corporate
growth".
1973 Mariner program:
NASA launched
the Mariner 10
towards Mercury (on March 29,
1974 it became the first space probe
to reach that planet).
1975 Queen Elizabeth
II opened the world's first underwater pipeline, an oil line in the North Sea.
1975 Good Morning America premiered with co-anchors
David Hartman
and Nancy Dussaulton.
1978 Dominica
gained its independence from the United Kingdom.
1979 About 90 people, including 63 US citizens,
were taken hostage at the US Embassy in Tehran, Iran, by followers of Ayatollah
Khomeini who demanded the return of Shah
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Pahlavi was undergoing medical treatment in New York
City at the time. Fifty-two Americans were held for 444 days,
until January 20, 1981.
1979 In Greensboro, North
Carolina, five members of the Communist Workers Party
were shot to death and seven wounded by a group of Ku Klux Klansmen and neo-Nazis
during a "Death to the Klan" rally.
1983 A
petrol
tanker exploded in the
Salang Tunnel
in Afghanistan,
killing 2,000+ people.
1985 Two French secret agents pleaded guilty in New Zealand to
bombing the Greenpeace flagship Rainbow Warrior (July
10, 1985) and to the manslaughter of the
photographer on board.
1986 Iran-Contra Affair:
The Lebanese
magazine Ash-Shiraa reported that the United States
had been selling weapons to Iran
in secret in order to secure the release of seven American hostages held
by pro-Iranian groups in Lebanon. Six days later, President Ronald Reagan
admitted that he knew of the arms-for-hostages deal.
1988 Sri Lankan Tamil mercenaries
tried to overthrow the Maldivian
government. At President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's
request, the Indian military suppressed the coup attempt within 24 hours.
1988
Koo Stark was awarded 300,000 pounds libel damages against the Sunday People
magazine which implied she had had an adulterous relationship with Britain's
Prince Andrew.1990 A descendant of gunpowder plot ringleader Guy Fawkes, an
electrician with exactly the same name as his notorious forebear, set alight a
36.5 m-high replica of the Houses of Parliament at a charity fundraising party
in Devon, UK. Sixty other descendants of the original Guy were also present. Convicted
of treason, the conspirator
Guy Fawkes (1570 -
1606) was tortured and burned to death for his
actions done on November
5, 1605.
1992 US presidential election: Democratic challenger Bill Clinton
defeated incumbent Republican George HW Bush
and independent candidate Ross
Perot.
1994 Red Hat Linux
1.0 was released.
1995 USA: At Arlington National
Cemetery, President Bill Clinton
dedicated a memorial to the victims of the Pan Am Flight 103
bombing.
2003
Centennial of Panama.
Tomorrow: Was the USA founded on Christianity?
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and David Brown's prodigious Daily Bleed
are both excellent resources that aid my research.
I frequently make use of their generously liberal 'fair use', 'copyleft'
and 'anti-copyright' policies, with much gratitude.
© My own copyright
policy is also liberal, but as this is my livelihood, conditions apply.
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