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What should I tell what sophisters
     on Cathrins day devise?
Or else the superstitious toyes
     that maisters exercise.

Barnabe Googe (1540 - '94), Foure Bookes of Husbandrie, collected by M. Conradus Heresbachius, Counseller of Cleue; Contayning the whole arte and trade of husbandry, with the ambiguitie, and commendation thereof; quoted in William Hone, The Every-Day Book, or a Guide to the Year, Vol., 1, William Tegg and Co., London, 1878. Today is St Catherine's Day.

When St Catherine wears a cap,
Then all the Island wears a hat.

Isle of Wight traditional proverb

As at Catherine, foul or fair,
So will be the next Februaire.
English traditional proverb

They say that by the commands of the gods Ixion spins round and round on his feathered wheel, saying this to mortals: "Repay your benefactor frequently with gentle favours in return".
Pindar, Pythian Odes, 2.20

There are seven herbs of great value and power; they are ground ivy, vervain, eyebright, groundsel, foxglove, the bark of the elder-tree, and the young shoots of the hawthorn.
 
Nine balls of these mixed together may be taken, and afterwards a potion made of bog-water and salt, boiled in a vessel, with a piece of money and an elf-stone. The elf-stone is generally found near a rath; it has great virtues, but being once lifted up by the spade it must never again touch the earth, or all its virtue is gone. (This elf-stone is in reality only an ancient stone arrowhead.)
Lady Francesca Speranza Wilde; Ancient Legends, Mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland, 'The Properties of Herbs and Their Use in Medicine', 1887

St Catherine, by Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel)

St Catherine, by Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel)

It is said by time wise women and fairy doctors that the roots of the elder tree, and the roots of an apple tree that bears red apples, if boiled together and drunk fasting, will expel any evil living thing or evil spirit that may have taken up its abode in the body of a man.
Lady Francesca Speranza Wilde; ibid, 'Cathal the King'

From the earliest times among the Northern races the Lady Elder, as we may learn from the Edda, or FIN MAGNUSEN ("Priscæ veterum Borealium Mythologiæ Lexicon," pp. 21, 239), and NYERUP ("Worterbuch der Scandinavischen Mythologie"), had an unearthly, ghostly reputation. Growing in lonely, gloomy places its form and the smell of its flowers seemed repulsive, so that it was associated with death, and some derived its name from Frau Holle, the sorceress and goddess of death. But SCHWENKI ("Mythologie der Slaven") with more probability traces it from hohl, i.e., hollow, and as spirits were believed to dwell in all hollow trees, they were always in its joints. The ancient Lithuanians, he informs us, worshipped their god Puschkeit, who was a form of Pluto, in fear and trembling at dusk, and left their offerings under the elder-tree. Everybody has seen the little puppets made of a piece of elder-pith with half a bullet under them, so that they always stand upright, and jump up when thrown down. ... The ancestors of the Poles were accustomed to bury all their sins and sorrows under elder-trees, thinking that they thereby gave to the lower world what properly belonged to it. This corresponds accurately to the gypsy incantation which passes the disease on from the elder bark into the earth, and from earth unto death. Frau Ellhorn, or Ellen, was the old German name for this plant. "Frau, perhaps, as appropriate to the female elf who dwelt in it" (FRIEDRICH, "Symbolik," p. 293). When it was necessary to cut one down, the peasant always knelt first before it and prayed: "Lady Ellhorn, give me of thy wood, and I will give thee of mine when it shall grow in the forest." ... Elder had certain protective and healing virtues. Hung before a stable door it warded off witchcraft, and he who planted it conciliated evil spirits. And if a twig of it were planted on a grave and it grew, that was a sign that the soul of the deceased was happy, which is the probable reason why the very old Jewish cemetery in Prague was planted full of elders. In a very curious and rare work, entitled "Blockesberge Berichtung (Leipzig, 1669), by JOHN PRÆTORIUS, devoted to "the Witch-ride and Sorcery-Sabbath," the author tells us that witches make great use of nine special herbs ... Among these is Elder, of which the peasants make wreaths, which, if they wear on Walpurgis night, they can see the sorceresses as they sweep through the air on their brooms, dragons, goats, and other strange steeds to the Infernal Dance. ... [Blocksberg] informs us that Hollunder (or Elder) is so called from hohl, or hollow, or else is an anagram of Unholden, unholy spirits, and some people call it Alhuren, from its connection with witches and debauchery, even as CORDUS writes: –
    "When elder blossoms bloom upon the bush,
    Then women's hearts to sensual pleasure rush."

Charles Godfrey Leland; Gypsy Sorcery and Fortune Telling, 'Chapter II: Charms and Conjurations to Cure the Disorders of Grown People', 1891

On this Thanksgiving Day, Hey!
Over the river and through the woods
Now Grandmother's face I spy.
Hurrah for the fun,
Is the pudding done?
Hurrah for the pumpkin pie.

English folksong, 'It's Raining, It's Pouring'   Source

Give me the end of the year an' its fun 
When most of the plannin' an' toilin' is done; 
Bring all the wanderers home to the nest, 
Let me sit down with the ones I love best, 
Hear the old voices still ringin' with song, 
See the old faces unblemished by wrong, 
See the old table with all of its chairs 
An' I'll put soul in my Thanksgivin' prayers. 

Edgar Guest (1881 - 1959), American poet; 'Thanksgiving'

How wonderful it would be if we could help our children and grandchildren to learn thanksgiving at an early age. Thanksgiving opens the doors. It changes a child's personality. A child is resentful, negative-or thankful. Thankful children want to give, they radiate happiness, they draw people.
Sir John Templeton

Our harvest being gotten in, our governor sent four men on fowling, that so we might after have a special manner rejoice together after we had gathered the fruit of our labors; they four in one day killed as much fowl, as with a little help beside, served the company almost a week, at which time amongst other recreations, we exercised our arms, many of the Indians coming amongst us, and among the rest their greatest King Massasoit, with some ninety men, whom for three days we entertained and feasted, and they went out and killed five deer, which they brought to the plantation and bestowed on our governor, and upon the captain, and others. And although it be not always so plentiful as it was at this time with us, yet by the goodness of God, we are so far from want that we often wish you partakers of our plenty ...
Your loving friend,
E.W. [Edward Winslow]
Plymouth in New England this 11th of December, 1621

Mourt's Relation, pub. 1622; EW Winslow writes of what many believe to be the first American Thanksgiving, which apparently occurred prior to December 11, 1621 (use our Search to see other dates for the first Thanksgiving, as the origins are disputed)   Source

No pen could describe it, nor tongue express it, nor thought conceive it unless by one in the extremity of it.
Daniel Defoe (c.
1660 - 1731), British novelist, on the Great Storm of 1703; The Storm, 1704

I celebrate Thanksgiving in an old-fashioned way. I invite everyone in my neighborhood to my house, we have an enormous feast, and then I kill them and take their land.
Author unknown

The pie is an English institution, which, planted on American soil, forthwith ran rampant and burst forth into an untold variety of genera and species. Not merely the old mince pie, but a thousand strictly American seedlings from that main stock, evinced the power of American housewives to adapt old institutions to new uses.
Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 - '96), American author. Pies are a popular part of the customs of America's Thanksgiving commemoration.

Thanksgiving Day, a function which originated in New England two or three centuries ago when those people recognized that they really had something to be thankful for – annually, not oftener – if they had succeeded in exterminating their neighbors, the Indians, during the previous twelve months instead of getting exterminated by their neighbors, the Indians. Thanksgiving Day became a habit, for the reason that in the course of time, as the years drifted on, it was perceived that the exterminating had ceased to be mutual and was all on the white man's side, consequently on the Lord's side; hence it was proper to thank the Lord for it and extend the usual annual compliments.
Mark Twain (1835 - 1910), anti-war, anti-imperialist American humorist and novelist

Men are nicotine soaked, beer besmirched, whiskey greased, red-eyed devils.
Carrie A Nation
, American temperance crusader and bar smasher, born on November 25, 1846; in The Ultimate Success Quotations Library, 1997   Source: Creative quotations

Oh, I tell you, ladies, you never know what joy it gives you to start out to smash a rumshop.
Carrie A Nation; Carry Nation's Hammer    Source: Creative quotations
 

If you don't do it, then the women of this state will do it … You refused me the vote and I had to use a rock.
Carrie A Nation, ibid

You have put me in here a cub, but I will come out roaring like a lion, and I will make all hell howl!
Carrie A Nation; on her imprisonment, ca. 1901; in Cyclone Carry, by Carleton Beals, 1962   Source: Creative quotations
   

Who hath sorrow? Who hath woe?
They who do not answer no;
They whose feet to sin incline
While they tarry at the wine.

Carrie A Nation; ibid, ch. 12

"Man does not live by bread alone." I have known millionaires starving for lack of the nutriment which alone can sustain all that is human in man, and I know workmen, and many so-called poor men, who revel in luxuries beyond the power of those millionaires to reach. It is the mind that makes the body rich. There is no class so pitiably wretched as that which possesses money and nothing else. Money can only be the useful drudge of things immeasurably higher than itself. Exalted beyond this, as it sometimes is, it remains Caliban still and still plays the beast. My aspirations take a higher flight. Mine be it to have contributed to the enlightenment and the joys of the mind, to the things of the spirit, to all that tends to bring into the lives of the toilers of Pittsburgh sweetness and light. I hold this the noblest possible use of wealth.
Andrew Carnegie (1835 - 1919), Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist; from one of his memos to himself

I don’t believe in God. My god is patriotism. Teach a man to be a good citizen and you have solved the problem of life.
Andrew Carnegie

 

 

 

November 25 is the 329th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (330th in leap years), with 36 days remaining.
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Celtic tree month of Ruis (Elder) commences (Nov 25 - Dec 22)

Like other Iron Age Europeans, the Celts were a polytheistic people prior to their conversion to (Celtic) Christianity. The Celts divided the year into 13 lunar cycles (months or moons). These were linked to specific sacred trees which gave each moon its name. Today commences the Celtic tree month of Elder.

Elder flowers, public domain image from Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SambucusElder or Elderberry (Sambucus) is a genus of fast-growing shrubs or small trees in the family Caprifoliaceae. They bear bunches of small white or cream coloured flowers in the Spring, that are followed by bunches of small red, bluish or black berries. The berries are a very valuable food resource for many birds.

Common North American species include American Elder, Sambucus canadensis, in the east, and Blueberry Elder, Sambucus glauca, in the west; both have blue-black berries.

The common European species is the Common or Black Elder, Sambucus nigra, with black berries.

The 'True Cross' of Jesus Christ was said by some in England to have been made of elder-wood. The folklorist Arthur Young (1741 - April 12, 1820) was speaking to some little children one day about the danger of taking shelter under trees during a thunder-storm. One of the children said that it was not so with all trees, "For you will be quite safe under an eldern-tree, because the cross was made of that, and so the lightning never strikes it."

"Names: Ruis (RWEESH), Draenan, Elder, Sambucus nigra
Holiday: The Winter Solstice ( Alban Arthuan )
Celtic Symbol : The Black Horse Or The Raven
Other symbols: the Badger
Zodiac Degrees : 3º00` Sagittarius - 1º59` Capricorn
Ruling Planet : Saturn - Sadorn
Ancient Gods Associated With Saturn :
          Greek : Saturn, Chronus
          Celtic : Pryderi, Bran
Tarot Key: The Star
Full Moon: Elder Moon, Masculine, Moon of Completeness
Magickal Properties: Exorcism; Prosperity; Banishing; Healing ...

"In popular Celtic folklore, it was believed that it was unlucky to use Elder wood for a child's cradle, but that only Birch wood should be used to symbolize purity and new beginnings. In Europe, spirits were believed to dwell within elder trees and there are still taboos against burning it."   

Source (a good page of lore)    More on the lore of the Elder

 

Elves and elder

"In the popular creed there is some strange connexion between the Elves and the trees. They not only frequent them, but they make an interchange of form with them. In the church-yard of Store Heddinge, in Zealand, there are the remains of an oak wood. These, say the common people, are the Elle-king's soldiers; by day they are trees, by night valiant warriors. In the wood of Rugaard, in the same island, is a tree which by night becomes a whole Elle-people, and goes about all alive. It has no leaves upon it, yet it would be very unsafe to go to break or fell it, for the underground-people frequently hold their meetings under its branches. There is, in another place, an elder-tree growing in a farm-yard, which frequently takes a walk in the twilight about the yard, and peeps in through the window at the children when they are alone.

"It was, perhaps, these elder-trees that gave origin to the notion. In Danish Hyld or Hyl – a word not far removed from Elle – is Elder, and the peasantry believe that in or under the elder-tree dwells a being called Hyldemoer (Elder-mother), or Hyldequinde (Elder-woman), with her ministrant spirits. A Danish peasant, if he wanted to take any part of an elder-tree, used previously to say, three times – 'O, Hyldemoer, Hyldemoer! let me take some of thy elder, and I will let thee take something of mine in return.' If this was omitted he would be severely punished. They tell of a man who cut down an elder-tree, but he soon after died suddenly. It is, moreover, not prudent to have any furniture made of elder-wood. A child was once put to lie in a cradle made of this wood, but Hyldemoer came and pulled it by the legs, and gave it no rest till it was put to sleep elsewhere. Old David Monrad relates, that a shepherd, one night, heard his three children crying, and when he inquired the cause, they said some one had been sucking them. Their breasts were found to be swelled, and they were removed to another room, where they were quiet. The reason is said to have been that that room was floored with elder." 
Thomas Keightley, The Fairy Mythology, Illustrative of the Romance and Superstition of Various Countries, 'Hans Puntleder', 1870

 

 

Celtic Tree Calendar Months
Beth
 Birch  Dec 24 - Jan 20
Luis  Rowan  Jan 21 - Feb 17
Nuin/Nion  Ash  Feb 18 - Mar 17
Fearn  Alder  Mar 18 - Apr 14
Saille  Willow  Apr 15 - May 12
Huath  Hawthorn  May 13 - Jun 9
Duir  Oak  Jun 10 - Jul 7
Tinne  Holly  Jul 8 - Aug 4
Coll  Hazel  Aug 5 - Sep 1
Muin  Vine  Sep 2 - 29
Gort  Ivy  Sep 30 - Oct 27
Ngetal  Reed  Oct 28 - Nov 24
Ruis  Elder  Nov 25 - Dec 22
Secret of the Unhewn Stone Dec 23

(This is the blank day in this calendar, the one day of the year that is not ruled by a tree and its corresponding Ogham alphabet character. Its name denotes the quality of potential in all things.)


The Celtic Tree Calendar

Michael Vescoli


Celtic Astrology
Phyllis Vega

 

 

 

 

 

Celtic Tree Month Information  

Celtic Tree Calendar - Ogham Alphabet

What is the Celtic Tree Calendar?

More on the Celtic Tree Calendar  

What is the Goddess Calendar?

 Religious emblem of St Catherine

Feast day of St Catherine of Alexandria (Katherine of Alexandria), virgin and martyr

(Sweet butter-bur, Tussilago fragrans, is today's plant, dedicated to this saint.)

Catherine was a virgin (nun) and martyr of noble birth in Alexandria who defended the Christian faith against 'heathen' philosophers (c. 310 CE) commanded by Emperor Maximinus.

When Maximinus began his persecutions, the 18-year-old and very beautiful Catherine went to the emperor and rebuked him for his tyranny as he stood in the middle of a pagan temple. Unable to answer her arguments, he called in fifty philosophers to confront her. After they admitted that they were convinced by her arguments, the furious emperor sentenced them to be burned.

The emperor offered to marry her, but she refused because Christ had already appeared to her in person and placed his gold ring on her finger (like St Catherine of Siena). For this reason, Greek Christians call her 'Ækatharina', that is, 'always pure'. Catherine was beaten for two hours and then thrown into a cell, in which she was fed by a dove, and Christ appeared to her in a vision.

Maximinus returned, and found that his wife, Faustina, and an officer, Porphyrius, had gone to visit Catherine just out of curiosity and had been converted to Christianity. Moreover, Porphyrius had converted 200 men of the imperial guard. Maximinus condemned them all to death, including the young virgin.  

 

The Catherine wheel

She was sentenced to be killed on a breaking wheel, now known as 'St Catherine's wheel', or 'catherine wheel', set with spikes or razors. Wikipedia says that "the wheel itself was similar to a large wooden wagon wheel, with many radial spokes. The victim's arms and legs were placed one by one over two sturdy wooden beams. A large hammer was then applied to the limb over the gap between the beams, breaking the bone. This process was repeated several times per limb. Afterwards, the victim's shattered limbs were woven through the spokes of the wheel. The wheel was then hoisted onto a tall pole, so that birds could eat the still-living victim."

When she was placed upon its rim, her bonds were miraculously untied, the wheel broke, and the spikes flew off, killing some spectators of the execution. Finally, as she called down blessings on all who should remember her, she was beheaded. From her veins flowed a white, milky liquid and not blood. It is claimed that for many years oil oozed from her bones; this oil was prized as medicine and for lamps in holy sanctuaries.

When the executioners were binding Catherine to the wheel, lightning struck the cords and destroyed the engine, killing the executioners and some bystanders. Maximinus ordered her to be taken outside the city walls of Alexandria where she was whipped then beheaded. After her death, her body was carried by angels over the Red Sea to the summit of Mt Sinai. Today, on Mount Sinai, one will find the Orthodox monastery of St Katherine's as well as her shrine.

Rose, or Catherine, WindowFrom the wheel comes the circular window design in stained glass in medieval ecclesiastical architecture, termed a Catherine-wheel window, rose window or wheel window, and also the firework, the Catherine wheel. Catherine's religious emblem is shown above right.

There is a British band called Catherine Wheel.

 

"Sometimes she is shown (1) with sword and wheel; (2) crowned, carrying her own head on a charger; (3) beheaded with sword (Fernando Gallego); (4) with a book, crowned by the angels (Melchiore Caffa); (5) with her body transported by angels to Mount Sinai (Limbourg Brothers); (6) as a hermit shows her a picture of the Virgin; (7) mystically married to the Infant Christ (occasionally to an adult Christ); (8) disputing with doctors; (9) encouraging others as they are burned; (10) visited by Christ in prison; (11) visited by the Empress Faustina in prison; (12) encouraging Faustina at her execution; or (13) with Christ placing a ring upon her finger as in the paintings by Cranach the Elder, Lorenzo Lotto, and Corregio."   Source

 

Pinwheel galaxyCatherine in astronomy

Some galaxies are said to be Catherine wheel-shaped (or, pinwheel-shaped, as a pinwheel is a Catherine wheel), and there is also a Catherine wheel projection of the earth.

There is a crater on the moon named Catharina. At around the mid-17th-Century, the Italian Jesuit priest and astronomer, Giovanni Battista Riccioli (1598 - 1671), on his lunar atlas, the Almagestum novum of 1651, named this particular ring mountain in honour of this St Catherine, for its wheel-like appearance. (Above his map, by the way, Riccioli had inscribed the legend, 'No Man Dwells on the Moon'.)

 


Sacred oil and other folklore

At St Catherine's, near Edinburgh, was a spring that exuded petroleum, and which was believed to be curative. The locals said that St Catherine was commissioned by Margaret, the consort of Malcolm Canmore, to bring her a quantity of holy oil from Mt Sinai. In passing over Lothian, she dropped a few drops of the oil. On her earnest supplication, a well appeared at the spot, forever oozing some of the precious and health-giving oil.  

Anciently, women and girls in Ireland kept a fast on every Wednesday, Saturday and Catherine's Day. The reason was for the improvement of husbands or the getting of good ones.

St Catherine was patroness of single women, and young women who met on this day in Britain called it going 'Cathar'ning' or 'caterning' (when 'cattern cakes' are eaten). This was still the case in mid-19th-Century England, at least in the more remote parts.

"Cattern Cakes

"2 pounds bread dough
2 oz lard or butter
1 oz caraway seeds
2 oz castor sugar
1 large egg

"Prepare the dough, then knead in the lard or butter, caraway seeds, sugar and egg. When the ingredients are well mixed, divide in two, kneading one piece to fit into a 2 lb greased loaf tin. Divide the second piece into two and knead each half to fit a 1 lb loaf tin, then cover with a damp tea towel and leave to rise until the dough reaches the top of the tins. Bake 20-25 minutes at 400 degrees. Serve sliced and buttered."

Source

In France, on St Catherine's day, women traditionally have the right to ask men to marry them (like February 29 in other places).

Prayer-rhymes are said to help find the mate: 

St Catherine, St Catherine, O lend me thine aid
And grant that I never may die an old maid.

A husband, St Catherine,
A good one, St Catherine;
But arn-a-one better than
Narn-a-one, St Catherine.

Sweet St Catherine,
A husband, St Catherine,
Handsome, St Catherine,
Rich, St Catherine,
Soon, St Catherine.

She is also the patron of apologists, craftsmen who work with a wheel (potters, spinners, etc.), archivists, attornies, barristers, dying people, educators, girls, jurists, knife grinders, knife sharpeners, lawyers, librarians, libraries, maidens, mechanics, millers, nurses, old maids, philosophers, potters, preachers, scholars, schoolchildren, scribes, secretaries, spinners, spinsters, stenographers, students, tanners, teachers, theologians, turners, unmarried girls, wheelwrights   (Source)  

At Woolwich, England, until about 1816, a man dressed in women's clothes and with a large wheel was carried about town to the church of St Clement, stopping at different houses to make a speech.

 

KaliKali?

It is tempting to conjecture, as some have done, possibly with more hunch than evidence, that Catherine might have originated in the destructive and creative Hindu mother goddessKali (right), and an association with the Wheel of Karma. She does, in fact, according to Indian tradition, represent the unceasing cycle of life and death, creation and destruction. However, Kali is depicted in art standing victoriously on a male human body (that of her consort, Shiva), an attitude as incongruent with the legend of Catherine as it is popular as an archetype among some in our day. 

Kali, the fierce aspect of Devi, the supreme goddess, is represented as a dark woman with four arms; in one hand she has a sword, in another the head of the demon she has slain. With two corpses of children for earrings and a necklace of skulls, her actual clothing is merely a girdle made of severed human hands. Her face is azure, streaked with yellow, her glance is ferocious; her disheveled and bristly hair is usually shown splayed and spread like the tail of a peacock and sometimes braided with green serpents, and her tongue protrudes from her mouth. Her eyes flash red, her face and breasts are smeared with blood; skulls, cemeteries, and blood are associated with her worship. Unlike the unmarried and saintly Catherine, Kali stands with one foot on the thigh, and another on the breast of her consort. 'Shva', by the way, in Sanskrit means a corpse. Kali is also called Durga, Bhowani Devi, Sati, Rudrani, Parvati, Chinnamastika, Kamakshi, Uma, Menakshi, Himavati, Kumari.

As ever, Waverly Fitzgerald has a good article on St Catherine

 

Ixion

 

IxionIxion tormented on the wheel

Zeus grew tired of Ixion's misdeeds (including his lusting after Hera) and bound him to a wheel, on which he is whirled by winds through the air for all eternity. The mode of his torture resembles Catherine's wheel, the cross of Jesus Christ, that of St Andrew, and Leonardo's Vitruvian Man (pictured at right).

Ixion (left) may be seen as representing the eternally moving sun. In some parts of Europe in ancient times, a blazing, revolving wheel was carried through fields that needed the heat of the sun; perhaps the Ixion legend evolved to explain the Vitruvius Mancustom and was subsequently adopted by the Greeks.

The myth of Ixion is told by Diodorus, Pindar, Virgil in Georgics and Aeneid, and by Ovid in Metamorphoses.

 "In Greek mythology, Ixion was one of the Lapiths, and a son of Phlegyas. Pirithous was his son. He married a daughter of Deioneus and, in order to avoid paying the bride-price, pushed him into a bed of coals. For this, he was punished in Tartarus after his death by spending eternity on a flaming wheel." Wikipedia

Deities of many cultures in the Book of Days

 

 

Feast day of Persephone

According to Nigel Pennick (The Pagan Book of Days, Destiny Books, Rochester, Vermont, USA, 1992) Persephone is the wheel goddess of the Underworld, this is her day, and her cognates include St Catherine and the Celtic goddess Arianrhod. There are indeed some similarities: for example, the Graeco-Roman goddess is associated with the wheel of the year, St Catherine is, of course, associated with the wheel, and Arianrhod's name means 'silver wheel'.

Persephone ('she who destroys the light'; also Kore, 'maiden'; Roman equivalent: Proserpina) the daughter of Zeus and Demeter, became the goddess of the underworld when Hades abducted her from the Earth and brought her into the underworld.

 

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Highly recommended:
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by Margaret Read MacDonald


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A Druid's Herbal for the Sacred Earth


Ogam: Celtic Oracle of the Trees


The Spirit of Trees


Myths of the Sacred Tree


In the Grove of the Druids

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The Oxford Dictionary of Saints


The Book of Saints

 

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