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Then comes the day when Christ ascended
    to his Father's seat
Which day we celebrate,
    with store of drinke and meate.
Barnabe Googe (1540 - '94), Foure Bookes of Husbandrie, collected by M. Conradus Heresbachius, Counseller of Cleue; Contayning the whole arte and trade of husbandry, with the ambiguitie, and commendation thereof; quoted in Hone, William, The Every-Day Book, or a Guide to the Year, Vol., 1, William Tegg and Co., London, 1878.

Because the skies were opened to receive Christ on Ascension Day, any rain which falls then comes straight from Heaven: so it has special curative properties, being particularly good for bathing sore eyes. Water from holy wells is also uniquely efficacious if collected early on 'Holy Thursday' morning: and Ascensiontide or Whitsun are the favourite seasons for 'well-dressing'.
John Aubrey (1626 - 1697), English antiquary and writer; Remains of Gentilism, 1688

Yet if you asked my opinion I should say that Cola di Rienzo is very eloquent, possessed of great powers of persuasion, and ready of speech; as a writer also he is charming and elegant, his diction, if not very copious, is graceful and brilliant. I believe, too, that he reads all the poets that are generally known; but he is not a poet for all that, any more than one is a weaver who dons a garment made by another's hands. Even the writing of verses does not suffice by itself to earn the title of poet.
Italian poet Petrarch, on his friend, Cola di Rienzo, who briefly overthrew the government of the Pope and barons of Rome, on May 20, 1347; from a letter to Francesco Nelli  
Source

Lord, into Thy hands I commend my spirit.
Christopher Columbus's last words, May 20, 1506

Christopher Columbus is a symbol, not of a man, but of imperialism. ... Imperialism and colonialism are not something that happened decades ago or generations ago, but they are still happening now with the exploitation of people. ... The kind of thing that took place long ago in which people were dispossessed from their land and forced out of subsistence economies and into market economies – those processes are still happening today.
John Mohawk, Seneca, 1992

 Thor's battle against the giants (1872), by Mårten Eskil Winge

Thor's battle against the giants (1872), by Mårten Eskil Winge

... to emphasize the heroism of Columbus and his successors as navigators and discoverers, and to de-emphasize their genocide, is not a technical necessity, but an ideological choice. It serves - unwittingly - to justify what was done.
Howard Zinn, American historian

One day, in front of Las Casas, the Spanish dismembered, beheaded, or raped 3000 people. 'Such inhumanities and barbarisms were committed in my sight,' he says, 'as no age can parallel. ...' The Spanish cut off the legs of children who ran from them. They poured people full of boiling soap. They made bets as to who, with one sweep of his sword, could cut a person in half. They loosed dogs that 'devoured an Indian like a hog, at first sight, in less than a moment.' They used nursing infants for dog food.
Source

Lo, therefore, on the First day of the Month Prairial, 20th of May 1795, sound of the generale once more; beating sharp, ran-tan, To arms, To arms!
  Sansculottism has risen, yet again, from its death-lair; waste wild-flowing, as the unfruitful Sea.

Source: Carlyle, Thomas, The French Revolution: A History, 3.VII.v

What Napoleon could not do with the sword, I shall accomplish with the pen.
A youthful and ambitious
Honoré de Balzac, French novelist, born on May 20, 1799, inscribed this under a picture of the former emperor

Solitude is fine, but you need someone to tell you that solitude is fine.
Honoré de Balzac

It is easier to be a lover than a husband for the simple reason that it is more difficult to be witty every day than to say pretty things from time to time.
Honoré de Balzac

Conservatives are not necessarily stupid, but most stupid people are conservatives.
John Stuart Mill, born on May 20, 1806

The extension of women's rights is the basic principle of all social progress.
Charles Fourier; Four Movements; the Wisconsin Phalanx, based on his utopian ideas, was founded on May 20, 1844

I will plead the most ridiculous of all causes; nothing is more flouted in civilization than sentimental love.
Charles Fourier

Sometimes I wonder if I'm doing a Jimmy Stewart imitation myself.
James Stewart, American actor, born on May 20, 1908

I'd like people to remember me as someone who was good at his job and seemed to mean what he said.
James Stewart; speaking in 1983

 

 

 

May 20 is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years), with 225 days remaining.
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Ascension Day (2004)

Well-dressing, Tissington, England  

A note about the dating of items in Wilson's Almanac

 

Still, Dovedale, yield thy flowers to deck the fountains
Of Tissington upon its holyday;
The customs long preserved among the mountains
Should not be lightly left to pass away.
They have their moral; and we often may
Learn from them how our wise forefathers wrought,
When they upon the public mind would lay
Some weighty principle, some maxim brought
Home to their hearts, the healthful product of deep thought.
Edwards

 

Ascension is the end of the Easter season, when almanackists can take things a bit easier for a while. During the 40-day period beginning with Easter Sunday, Christians celebrate the time when Jesus Christ reappeared to some of His followers. This period ends on Ascension Day, or Ascension Thursday. The Ascension is one of the great feasts in the Christian calendar, and commemorates the Ascension of Jesus into Heaven forty days after His resurrection from the dead, which is recorded in the New Testament in Acts Chapter 1. According to Saint Augustine, the observance of the feast is of Apostolic origin.

Ascension Day is always a Thursday; in some churches (especially in the United States) it is commemorated on the following Sunday (the Sunday before Pentecost). The three days before Ascension Thursday are sometimes referred to as the Rogation days (and the previous Sunday as Rogation Sunday). In some countries (e.g. Scandinavia or Germany) it is a public holiday.

On Ascension Day in Tissington, England, wells are traditionally dressed with flowers, and sometimes Bible verses are made out in letters of flowers. Well-dressing, practised in many other places throughout Britain, is the art of decorating springs and wells with scenes, usually made from local plant life. The dressings are set in clay-filled wooden trays, mounted on a wooden frame and take up to seven days to complete.

Some believe the custom arose during a drought in Derbyshire in 1615, but it is known that the custom of well-dressing began in Celtic times. The wells of Tissington flowed throughout this time, and people from ten miles around drove their cattle there to drink, so at Ascension Day a thanksgiving custom came about.

We know that these kinds of traditions go back to antiquity, and the Romans also practised well-dressing. Seneca wrote "Where a spring rises or a river flows, there should we build altars and offer sacrifices". English kings Edgar and Canute had to issue edicts prohibiting the worshipping of wells.

Wells are symbolic of purity, and May was always considered the best time to visit curative springs. Silence was to be kept going there and coming back, and the vessel used to take the water was not allowed to touch the ground. After the Reformation these customs were forbidden.

In another custom associated with today, farmers hung in their roof, an egg laid on Ascension Day, in order to protect against lightning and fire.

Thursday was named after the Viking god, Thor, and to the Vikings today was also the Festival of Mjollnir, Thor's hammer, on a Thursday, at around the time that Christians celebrate Ascension Day (more below).

Read more on sacred springs and wells at the Scriptorium

Mjollnir    Calculate the date of Ascension    More

"No two villages dress their wells in exactly the same way, but here's what they do at Holymoorside. First they cut along each line of the picture with a sharp knife, then gently press small pieces of wood (called `barking') through into the clay. Once the outline is finished the picture is `coloured in'. Some villages call this state `petalling', but in Holymoorside it's called `flowering'. Why? Because rather than using individual petals, they use whole flower heads."   Source

 

The Bible on the Ascension

 

Beating the bounds (see also Rogation)

"An old custom still kept up in a few English parishes, of going around the parish boundaries on Holy Thursday [an alternative English name for Ascension – PW] or Ascension Day. The schoolchildren, accompanied by the clergymen and parish officers, walked around the boundaries, which the boys struck with peeled willow-wands. The boys were sometimes 'whipped' at intervals and water was sometimes poured on them from house windows 'to make them remember' the boundaries.

"In Scotland beating the bounds was called Riding the marches (bounds), and in England the day is sometimes called gang-day."
Ivor H Evans, Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Cassell, London, 1988

 

Folklore, customs, pre-Christian origins of: 

Epiphany  Candlemas/Imbolc  Hall Sunday  Collop Monday  Shrove Tuesday/Pancake Day

  Ash Wednesday & Lent  Mid-Lent  Care Sunday  Painful Friday  Lazarus Saturday

  Palm Sunday  Spy Wednesday  Maundy Thursday  Good Friday  Easter Saturday  Easter

Easter Monday  Easter Tuesday  Hocktide  Ascension  Rogation Days  Whitsunday/Whitsuntide

Corpus Christi  May Day/Beltaine  Lammas/Lughnasadh  Michaelmas  Halloween/Samhain

Martinmas  Advent  Christmas Eve  Christmas  More at Articles Index

Hundreds of feast days of saints, gods and goddesses at Wilson's Almanac Book of Days

 

Phenology from May 20

in William Hone, The Every-Day Book, or a Guide to the Year, William Tegg and Co., London, 1878; 1825-26 edition online

Prognostics of Weather and Horologe of Flora

Chickweed.—When the flower expands boldly and fully, no rain will happen for four hours or upwards: if it continues in that open state, no rain will disturb the summer's day: when it half conceals its miniature flower, the day is generally showery; but if it entirely shuts up, or veils the white flower with its green mantle, let the traveller put on his great coat, and the ploughman, with his beasts of drought, expect rest from their labour.

Siberian sowthistle.—If the flowers of this plant keep open all night, rain will certainly fall the next day.

Trefoil.—The different species of trefoil always contract their leaves at the approach of a storm: hence these plants have been termed the husbandman's barometer.

African marygold.—If this plant opens not its flowers in the morning about seven o'clock, you may be sure it will rain that day, unless it thunders.

The convolvulus also, and the pimpernel anagalis arvensis, fold up their leaves on the approach of rain: the last in particular is termed the poor man's weather-glass.

Besides the above, there are several plants, especially those with compound yellow flowers, which nod, and during the whole day turn their flowers towards the sun: viz. to the east in the morning, to the south at noon, and to the west towards evening; this is very observable in the sowthistle sonchus arvensis: and it is a well-known fact, that a great part of the plants in a serene sky expand their flowers, and as it were with cheerful looks behold the light of the sun; but before rain they shut them up, as the tulip.

The flowers of the alpine whitlow grass draba alpina, the bastard feverfew parthenium, and the wintergreen trientalis, hang down in the night as if the plants were asleep, lest rain or the moist air should injure the fertilizing dust.

One species of woodsorrel shuts up or doubles its leaves before storms and tempests, but in a serene sky expands or unfolds them, so that the husbandman can pretty clearly foretell tempests from it. It is also well known that the mountain ebony bauhinia, sensitive plants, and cassia, observe the same rule.

Besides affording prognostics, many plants also fold themselves up at particular hours, with such regularity, as to have acquired the particular names from this property. The following are among the more remarkable plants of this description:—

Goatsbeard.— The flowers of both species of tragopogon open in the morning at the approach of the sun, and without regard to the state of the weather regularly shut about noon. Hence it is generally known in the country by the name of go to bed at noon.

The princesses' leaf, or four o-clock flower, in the Malay Islands, is an elegant shrub so called by the natives, because their ladies are fond of the grateful odour of its white leaves. It takes its generic name from its quality of opening its flowers at four in the evening, and not closing them in the morning till the same hour returns, when they again expand in the evening at the same hour. Many people transplant them from the woods into their gardens, and use them as a dial or a clock, especially in cloudy weather.

The tamarind tree parkinsonia, the nipplewort lapsana communis, the water lily nymphaea, the marygolds calendulae, the bastard sensitive plant aeschynomene, and several others of the diadelphia class, in serene weather, expand their leaves in the daytime, and contract them during the night. According to some botanists, the tamarind-tree enfolds within its leaves the flowers or fruit every night, in order to guard them from cold or rain.

The flower of the garden lettuce, which is in a vertical plane, opens at seven o'clock, and shuts at ten.

A species of serpentine aloe, without prickles, whose large and beautiful flowers exhale a strong odour of the vanilla during the time of its expansion, which is very short, is cultivated in the imperial garden at Paris. It does not blow till towards the month of July, and about five o'clock in the evening, at which time it gradually opens its petals, expands them, droops, and dies. By ten o'clock the same night, it is totally withered, to the great astonishment of the spectators, who flock in crowds to see it. 

The cerea, a native of Jamaica and Vera Cruz, expands an exquisitely beautiful coral flower, and emits a highly fragrant odour, for a few hours in the night, and then closes to open no more. The flower is nearly a foot in diameter; the inside of the calyx, of a splendid yellow; and the numerous petals are of a pure white. It begins to open about seven or eight o'clock in the evening, and closes before sunrise in the morning.

The flower of the dandelion possesses very peculiar means of sheltering itself from the heat of the sun, as it closes entirely whenever the heat becomes excessive. It has been observed to open, in summer, at half an hour after five in the morning, and to collect its petals towards the centre about nine o'clock.

Linnæus has enumerated forty-six flowers, which possess this kind of sensibility: he divides them into three classes.—1. Meteoric flowers, which less accurately observe the hour of folding, but are expanded sooner or later according to the cloudiness, moisture, or pressure of the atmosphere. 2. Tropical flowers, that open in the morning and close before evening every day, but the hour of their expanding becomes earlier or later as the length of the day increases or decreases. 3. Equinoctial flowers, which open at a certain and exact hour of the day, and for the most part close at another determinate hour.

 

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MjollnirDay of Mjøllnir (Mjollnir)

A note about the dating of items in Wilson's Almanac

To the Vikings, today was the Festival of Mjøllnir, Thor's short-handled war hammer, on a Thursday, coinciding more or less with Ascension Day. Today was marked by ritual contests such as trial by combat. Today, some see it as a day on which hexen, witches, vølvas, and sorcerers can contest their powers.

Mjøllnir was made by Brok and Eitri and had enormous destructive abilities; it was associated with lightning. When thrown, it would return like a boomerang after hitting its target, and only Thor and Magni, his son, could manage to lift it.

 

Thor

Thor, Þórr (ON), Þunor (OE), Donar or Donner (German) is the red-haired and bearded god of thunder and lightning in Germanic and Norse Mythology, the son of Odin and Jord. While Odin is the god of the powerful and aristocratic, Thor is much more the god of the common man, often siding with mortals against other gods. Thor was an outright hero for mankind, powerfully defeating his enemies, though he lost a wrestling match to an old woman named Elli (old age). During Ragnarok, Thor will kill and be killed by Jormungand. He lived in the hall of Bilskirnir in Thrudheim.

Thor features strongly in the Eddas of Snorri Sturluson, where Thor's many conflicts with the race of giants are a main source of plots. As Snorri portrays him, Thor is a straightforward god, not necessarily the wisest or most intelligent; for instance, he is thoroughly made a fool of by the mysterious Utgardaloki and his magic spells.

  • 'Tor's Day' or 'Thor's Day' became Thursday in English, Donnerstag in German (meaning 'Thunder's Day'), and Torsdag in Swedish, Danish and Norwegian.
  • 'Thor's Oak' was an ancient tree near Fritzlar in northern Hesse (Germany) and one of the most sacred of sites of the old Germans. In 722 or 723, St Boniface of Crediton cut down the tree to demonstrate the superiority of the Christian god over Thor and the other Germanic/Nordic deities, building a chapel from its wood at the site. This event commonly marks the beginning of the Christianization of the non-Frankish Germans. This was at the forest of Geismar, Saxony, near the present-day town of Fritzlar in northern Hesse. (Some sources say that the tree might have been sacred to Odin/Woden.)

Sources: Wikipedia et al

Thor's Oak and the Christmas tree
" ... as the tree split, a beautiful young fir tree sprang from its center. Saint Boniface told the people that this lovely evergreen, with its branches pointing to heaven, was indeed a holy tree, the tree of the Christ Child, a symbol of His promise of eternal life. He instructed them henceforth to carry the evergreen from the wilderness into their homes and to surround it with gifts, symbols of love and kindness."
Source: Legends of the First Christmas Trees

Deities of many cultures in the Book of Days    More Oak lore

Plynteria, ancient Greece
Solemn cleansing of the image of Athena Polias in the sea. 
Source: The
Phoenix and Arabeth 1992 Calendar

Egyptian day (dies egypticus, dies ægypticus or dies mala), unlucky day in Medieval Europe. ("But, notwithstanding, I will trust the Lord" was the associated saying.)

 

Click for France's national day

Vendémiaire | Brumaire | Frimaire | Nivôse | Pluviôse | Ventôse | Germinal | Floréal | Prairial | Messidor | Thermidor | Fructidor | Sansculottides

 

First day of month of Prairial (Floral month), French Revolutionary Calendar

On October 24, 1793 the French National Convention adopted the French Republican Calendar (French Revolutionary Calendar) retrospectively as from September 22, 1792.

Napoleon Bonaparte abolished it and restored the Gregorian calendar on January 1, 1806 (the day after 10 nivôse an XIV), a little over twelve years after its introduction. However, it was used again during the brief Paris Commune in 1871 (year LXXIX).

It was designed by the politician and agronomist Charles Gilbert Romme, although it is usually attributed to Fabre d'Églantine, who invented the descriptive names of the months. Instead of most days having a saint as in the Catholic Church's calendar, each day has a plant, a tool or an animal associated with it. Some enthusiasts in France still use the calendar.

Each month lasted 30 days and was divided into three decades. Every day had the name of an agricultural plant, except the 5th (Quintidi) and 10th day (Decadi) of every decade, which had the name of a domestic animal (Quintidi) or an agricultural tool (Decadi).

Autumn
Vendémiaire (from Latin vindemia, 'vintage'), begins Sep 22, 23 or 24
Brumaire (from French brume, 'mist'), begins Oct 22, 23 or 24
Frimaire (From French frimas, 'frost'), begins Nov 21, 22 or 23

Winter
Nivôse (from Latin nivosus, 'snowy'), begins Dec 21, 22 or 23
Pluviôse (from Latin pluviosus, 'rainy'), begins Jan 20, 21 or 22
Ventôse (from Latin ventosus, 'windy'), begins Feb 19, 20 or 21

Spring
Germinal (from Latin germen, 'seed'), begins Mar 20 or 21
Floréal (from Latin flos, 'flower'), begins Apr 20 or 21
Prairial (from French prairie, 'meadow'), begins May 20 or 21

Summer
Messidor (from Latin messis, 'harvest'), begins Jun 19 or 20
Thermidor (from Greek thermos, 'hot'), begins Jul 19 or 20
Fructidor (from Latin fructus, 'fruits'), begins Aug 18 or 19

Sansculottides
The Sansculottides (also Epagomenes; French Sans-culottides, Sanculottides, jours complementaires, jours épagomènes) are the end of the calendar. They follow Fructidor and precede Vendémiaire of the next year, belonging to the summer quarter of the year.

The Sansculottides, named after the Sansculottes, amend the 360 days of the calendar so that the beginning of the next year is on the autumnal equinox. There were five Sansculottides in a common year and six in a leap year (from this derives the French name of the leap year année sextile). The Sansculottides start on September 17 or 18 and end on September 22 or 23.


  1re Décade 2e Décade 3e Décade
Primidi 1. Pomme (Apple) 11. Salsifis (Salsify) 21. Bacchante (asarum baccharis)
Duodi 2. Céleri (Celery) 12. Macre (Water Chestnut) 22. Azerole (Crete Hawthorn)
Tridi 3. Poire (Pear) 13. Topinambour (Jerusalem Artichoke) 23. Garence (Madder)
Quartidi 4. Betterave (Beet Root) 14. Endive (Endive) 24. Orange (Orange)
Quintidi 5. Oye (Goose) 15. Dindon (Turkey) 25. Faisan (Pheasant)
Sextidi 6. Héliotrope (European Turnsole) 16. Chervi (Skirret) 26. Pistache (Pistachio)
Septidi 7. Figue (Fig) 17. Cresson (Cress) 27. Macjonc (Sweetpea)
Octidi 8. Scorsonère (Black Salsify) 18. Dentelaire (Leadwort) 28. Coing (Quince)
Nonidi 9. Alisier (Chequer Tree) 19. Grenade (Pomegranate) 29. Cormier (Service Tree)
Decadi 10. Charrue (Plough) 20. Herse (Harrow) 30. Rouleau (Roller)

 

Source: Wikipedia    Website converts Gregorian calendar to FRC (and has desktop program)