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17


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In 38 deg.30 min. We fell in with a fit and convenient harbor and June 17, came to anchor there, where we stayed till the 23 July. During all which time, not withstanding it was the height of summer, we were continually visited with nipping cold, neither could we at any time within a fourteen day period find the air so clear as to be able to take height the sun or stars.
Sir Francis Drake; The World Encompassed

Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes.
William Prescott, American soldier in the War of Independence, at the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775

See in what peace a Christian can die.
Last words of Joseph Addison, English essayist, who died on June 17, 1719

(Tea is) The infusion of a China plant sweetened with the pith of an Indian cane.
Joseph Addison

Cleanliness is, indeed, next to Godliness.
John Wesley, English religious revivalist, born on June 17, 1703

I can't think that when God sent us into the world He had irreversibly decreed that we should be perpetually miserable in it.
John Wesley wrote this in a letter, 1725


There never was a land so great and wide, where the foreign fathers came,
That has bred her children so much alike, with their hearts so much the same.

Henry Lawson, Australian poet and author, born on June 17, 1867

Henry Lawson

 


Beer makes you feel the way you ought to feel without beer.
Henry Lawson

Though you sing of dear old Mudgee and the home on Pipeclay Flat,
You were born on Grenfell goldfield – and you can't get over that.

Henry Lawson; 'Said Grenfell to My Spirit'

This portrait of me was taken by Eden when I was eighteen or nineteen and enlarged by them. I was a better man and a bigger fool in those days.
Yours truly,
Henry Lawson, 1903

For he shall write a simple song
to rouse men's hearts and cheer them,
And thousands roar the words along!
And kingdoms quake to hear them.
However faint and frail the form,
The strong heart has succeeded …
The grandest battles have been fought
With broken hearts behind them.

Henry Lawson; from 'Without the Heart'

SING the strong, proud song of Labour,
    Toss the ringing music high;
Liberty's a nearer neighbour
    Than she was in days gone by.
Workmen's weary wives and daughters
    Sing the songs of liberty;
Men hail men across the waters,
    Men reply across the sea.

        We are marching on and onward
            To the silver-streak of dawn,
        To the dynasty of mankind
            We are marching on.

Henry Lawson, 'The Australian Marseillaise, or, A Song for the Sydney Poor', 1890

One Man One Vote it may not be, but if the wealthy trifle
With Labor's rights and God's decree, we'll try "One man one rifle".

Henry Lawson; in Truth journal, 1892

Give me a pound a column, and a drop to clear my throat,
An' I will write the reddest song as ever poet wrote.

Henry Lawson; ibid, c. 1892

Southern men of letters, vainly seeking recognition here-
Southern men of letters, driven to the Northern Hemisphere!
It is time your wrongs were known; it is time you claimed redress –
Time that you were independent of the mighty Northern press.
Sing a song of Southern writers, sing a song of Southern fame,
Of the dawn of art and letters and your native country's shame ...

In the land where sport is sacred, where the labourer is a god,
You must pander to the people, make a hero of a clod!
What avail the sacrifices of the battles you begin
For the literary honour of the land we're living in?
Henry Lawson; from 'A Song of Southern Writers', The Bulletin, May 28, 1892

Dear Bulletin
I'm awfully surprised to find myself sober. And, being sober, I take up my pen to write a few lines, hoping they will find you as I am at present. I want to know a few things. In the first place: Why does a man get drunk? There seems to be no excuse for it. I get drunk because I am in trouble, and I get drunk because I've got out of it. I get drunk because I'm sick, or have corns, or the toothache: and I get drunk because I'm feeling well and grand. I get drunk because I was rejected; and I got awfully drunk the night I was accepted. And, mind you, I don't like to get drunk at all, because I don't enjoy it much, and suffer hell afterwards. I'm always far better and happier when I'm sober, and tea tastes better than beer. But I get drunk. I get drunk when I feel that I want a drink, and I get drunk when I don't. I get drunk because I had a row last night and made a fool of myself and it worries me, and when things are fixed up I get drunk to celebrate it. And, mind you, I've got no craving for a drink. I get drunk because I'm frightened about things, and because I don't care a damn. Because I'm hard up and because I'm flush. And, somehow, I seem to have better luck when I'm drunk. I don't think the mystery of drunkenness will ever be explained – until all things are explained, and that will be never. A friend says that we don't drink to feel happier, but to feel less miserable. But I don't feel miserable when I'm straight. Perhaps I'm not perfectly sober right now, after all. I'll go and get a drink, and write again later.

Yours truly,
Henry Lawson; The Bulletin, December, 1903

... That egotistic word 'mateship' – which was born of New Australian imagination, and gushed about to a sickening extent – implied a state of things which never existed any more than the glorious old unionism which was going to bear us on to freedom on one wave. The one was altogether too glorious, and the other too angelistic to exist among mortals. We must look at the nasty side of truth as well as the other, the conceited side. When our ideal 'mateship' is realised, the monopolists will not be able to hold the land from us.
Henry Lawson; 'The Cant and Dirt of Labour Literature' published in Worker, October 6, 1894. By "New Australian" he is probably referring to William Lane's New Australia movement.

At high school in Arnhem, I was extremely poor at arithmetic and algebra because I had, and still have, great difficulty with the abstractions of numbers and letters. When, later, in stereometry [solid geometry], an appeal was made to my imagination, it went a bit better, but in school I never excelled in that subject. But our path through life can take strange turns.
MC Escher, Dutch artist, born on June 17, 1898 

A long time ago, I chanced upon this domain [of regular division of the plane] in one of my wanderings... However, on the other side I landed in a wilderness.... I came to the open gate of mathematics. Sometimes I think I have covered the whole area ... and then I suddenly discover a new path and experience fresh delights.
MC Escher

At first I had no idea at all of the possibility of systematically building up my figures. I did not know ... this was possible for someone untrained in mathematics, and especially as a result of my putting forward my own layman's theory, which forced me to think through the possibilities.
MC Escher

I think perhaps somewhat more prudence would undoubtedly have perhaps obviated some of the questions that have come before your committee.
US President Eisenhower's assistant, Sherman Adams, testifying on June 17, 1958, before a House panel about a vicuna coat given him by Boston industrialist Bernard Goldfine

 

 

 

June 17 is the 168th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (169th in leap years), with 197 days remaining.
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'Orpheus and Eurydice', by George Frederick Watts 1817 - 1904Feast day of the marriage of Eurydice and Orpheus

Greek legend tells us that today was the day on which were married the famed musician and hero of Thrace, Orpheus, and Eurydice, goddess of the Underworld.


Orpheus passionately loved the nymph, Eurydice, and they married. One day when Eurydice was was fleeing from Apollo's son Aristaeus, she was mortally bitten by a snake hidden in the grass. Orpheus was heartbroken at the death of his wife and resolved to descend into the Underworld to reclaim her.

Orpheus charmed Hades and Persephone who gave him permission to take Eurydice back to earth on the sole condition that he should not look at her during the journey. They proceeded on their way, he leading, she following, through dark passages, in total silence.  

When they had nearly arrived at the Gates of Hades near the surface, Orpheus, imprudently and to reassure himself that his lover was still there, cast a glance behind him. In a scene reminiscent somewhat of the Biblical Lot and his wife (Genesis 13), Eurydice was instantly carried away. Stretching out their arms to embrace, they grasped only the air. "Farewell," she said, falling away. Eurydice was lost to Orpheus forever.

Zeus honoured the charm and power of Orpheus's music by turning his lyre into a constellation. To this day, it is said that Orpheus still inspires lovers at night as they gaze upon his stars.

According to one writer, Diane Stein (The Goddess Book of Days, Llewellyn Publications, St Paul Minnesota, USA, 1989), the rescue by Orpheus is a reversal of the story as it was in earlier times. (No evidence for this is given in her book.) Stein, also without substantiation, identifies Eurydice with Inanna, Persephone/Demeter, Proserpina/Ceres, Hel, Sedna, Mother Holle (Mother Hulda), Venus, Cybele, Heurodis, Fortuna, the Fates, Dike, Oya, Kali, Tlatzlteotl, Cerridwen, Hecate and Rhiannon.

Pictured: Orpheus and Eurydice, by George Frederick Watts, 1817 - 1904 (detail)

Death and rebirth saviours at the Scriptorium    More

 

Day of the procession of Sopdu, the Warrior.
Source: Earth, Moon and Sky

 

Night of the Drop, and Cutting of the Dam, Egypt

According to Edward W Lane (An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, 1836), the night of June 17 is called 'Leylet-en-Nuktah', or 'the Night of the Drop', because "it is believed that a miraculous drop then falls into the Nile and causes it to rise". An interesting ceremony used to be performed at 'the cutting of the dam' in old Cairo. A round pillar of earth was formed; it was called the 'bride', and seeds were sown on the top of it. Lane says that an ancient Arabian historian "was told that the Egyptians were accustomed, at the period when the Nile began to rise, to deck a young virgin in gay apparel, and throw her into the river, as a sacrifice to obtain a plentiful inundation". 

Related (use Search): Tears of Isis; Lamentations of Isis, Rising of the Nile)

 

Festival of Ludi Piscatari, ancient Rome
This was a festival of fishermen, sacred in England to the East Anglian saint, Botulph, and as such is a day of guardianship.

 

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World Day to Combat Desertification and DroughtWorld Day to Combat Desertification and Drought (UN)

One fifth of the world's population is threatened by the impacts of global desertification. Its effects can be seen all over the world, be it in Asia, the Sahel, Latin America, throughout North America or along the Mediterranean. Today, a third of the earth's surface is threatened by desertification, which adds up to an area of over 4 billion hectares of the planet.

 

 

Feast day of St Adulph (Adolph)

Feast day of St Alban (Anglican) (See June 22)
(Died 287? at Verulamium, now called St Alban's.) He was the first Christian martyr on British soil, a Romano-Briton who, during Emperor Diocletian's persecution, sheltered Christian refugees. He was himself arrested and executed, by beheading amidst supernatural signs, at Holmhurst Hill, St Alban's. There is a great cathedral built on the site. 

Feast day of St Albert Chmielowski, modern saint
Born on August 20, 1845 at Igolomia, southern Poland. Baptised Adam; in 1863 he joined an uprising against Russian occupation, was taken prisoner and lost his leg. He later returned to Poland and became an artist, and after considerable success joined the Society of Jesus. He had a nervous breakdown and left the Jesuits. Later he joined the Franciscans and cared for the poor of Kracow, Poland. In 1887, he adopted the name Albert and totally dedicated himself to the poor. This was the beginning of the Albertine Brothers order, which still exists. He attracted a following because of his pious ways and friendly nature. Canonised by Pope John Paul II on November 12, 1989. Saints' feasts are usually celebrated on the anniversary of their deaths, but because Albert died on Christmas Day, his feast is celebrated on June 17.

More

Feast day of St Antidius

Feast day of St Avitus, or Avy, abbot, near Orleans

 

Feast day of St Botulph (Botolph; Botulf), Abbot of Akanho, or Icanhoh

This saint (b. 610, d. c. 680) was very popular in medieval England. He and his brother Adulph became monks overseas and established a monastery at Icanhoh, usually said to be Boston, Lincolnshire (place name derived from 'Botulf's Stone') in Lincolnshire.

In medieval times, churches dedicated to St Botulph, or Botolph, guarded the gates of ancient English walled cities. His sigil is a diamond

In art, St Adulph (whose feast day this is), bishop, and his brother St Botulph, abbot, hold the Abbey of Ikanhoe, Suffolk, England. The four gates of the City of London are dedicated to them. He is the patron saint of the various aspects of farming and the Danish patron saint of travellers. His feast day is June 25 in Scotland, and his translation is commemorated on December 1.

More    More   And more

 

Feast day of St Briavel

Feast day of St Emily de Vialar

Feast day of St Emmanuel d'Abreu

Feast day of St Gregory Barbarigo

Feast day of St Gundulphus

Feast day of St Herve

Feast day of St Himerius

Feast day of St Hypatius

Feast day of St Isaurus

Feast day of St Ismael

Feast day of St Manuel

Feast day of St Molingus (Moling; Dairchilla), bishop and confessor in Ireland

Feast day of St Montanus

Feast day of St Nectan

Feast day of Ss Nicander and Marcian, martyrs
(Monkey flower, Mimulus luteus, is today's plant, dedicated to St Nicander.)

Feast day of St Prior, hermit in Egypt

Feast day of St Rainbold

Feast day of St Ranieri

Feast day of St Theodore

Feast day of St Theresa of Portugal

Click for Eastern Orthodox liturgical days    Shop saints

 

Thursday after Corpus Christi, Lajkoniki (Lajkonik Festival), Kraków, Poland

A note about the dating of items in Wilson's Almanac

The Lajkonik is one of the unofficial symbols of the city of Kraków, and is a kind of hobby horse. It is represented as a bearded man resembling a Tatar dressed in Mongol attire, in a pointed hat, and with a wooden horse around his waist. After paying a courteous visit to the Premonstratensian monastery and parish priest the Lajkonik leads the pageant through the town streets. Some think that the tradition originated in pre-Christian times when it was believed that in the spring the horse brought good luck and high crop yields. The festival that has taken place every June for the past 700 years. It is said that if one is touched by the Lajkonik's mace, one will enjoy good luck throughout the year. Today the Lajkonik is a common sight in the city's Main Market Square as a tourist attraction.

Traditions of Kraków

 

Bunker Hill Day, Suffolk Co., Mass., USA
"... a holiday in Boston and Suffolk County, Massachusetts, commemorating the June 17, 1775, Battle of Bunker Hill; celebrated with commemorative services, parades, exhibitions and dinners."
Gregory, Ruth W, Anniversaries and Holidays, American Library Association, Chicago, 1983, 80

Iceland's Independence Day (from Denmark, 1944)
" (a) holiday commemorating the establishment of Iceland as a republic on June 17, 1944, and honouring the birth on June 17, 1811, of Jon Sigursson, the nation's outstanding nineteenth-century leader."
Gregory, ibid

National Children's Day, Indonesia
"...carefully planned recreational and cultural programs for children presented at the end of the school day."
Gregory, ibid 

Okinawa Day, USA
Anniversary of signing of treaty between US and Japan, 17/6/1971, returning Okinawa (seized in WWII) to Japan. 

National Day, Republic of Germany
A day of prayer in the former West Germany, dedicated to national unity.

Straße des 17. Juni, Germany (see On This Day in History, 1953 below)

Iceland's national day, celebrating independence from Denmark in 1944

 

 

 

On which day of the week were you born? Find out here

1239  King Edward I of England (nicknamed 'Longshanks' due to his great height; d. 1307) of England, elder son of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence

Edward I's Genealogy    More

1682 Charles XII of Sweden (d. 1718), king of Sweden in 1697-1718 (June 17 in Swedish calendar)

1703 John Wesley (d. March 2, 1791, English founder of the Methodist Church, the 15th of 19 children of a church rector; brother of hymnist Charles Wesley (1707 - '88).

In 1738 he was so filled with zeal after reading Martin Luther's preface to Paul's Epistle to the Romans, that many churches closed their doors to him. With his brother Charles he founded (in 1739) the first Methodist Chapel. He shocked the churches by preaching in streets and fields, reaching huge numbers of people. It is estimated he travelled more than 250,000 miles on horseback. He once said that he looked upon the whole world as his parish.

1778 Gregory Blaxland, one of the team of Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson, the first Europeans to find a way across the Blue Mountains, west of Sydney, NSW

1808 Henrik Wergeland, Norway´s national poet, symbol of independence who opposed pro-Danish 'intelligentsija'. He lectured, distributed books, founded journals and established lending libraries. He was a defender of the rights of Jews to settle in Norway, as typified in his poem The Jew.

1810 Ferdinand Freiligrath (d. 1876), German writer

1818 Charles Gounod (d. 1893), French composer (operas Faust; Romeo and Juliet) whose Faust was the first operatic role for a lyric soprano

1832 Sir William Crookes (d. 1919), physicist, chemist

 

1834 Frederick Brentnall (d. January 11, 1925), Australian Wesleyan minister, journalist, company director and politician. His wife, Elizabeth Brentnall (née Watson), a suffragette and school principal, was the first president (1885 - '99) of the Queensland Women's Christian Temperance Union. Elizabeth and her daughter, Flora, were both very involved in the late-19th Century struggle for women's rights.

In 1891, in the Queensland Legislative Council during a 'Vote of Thanks' to the armed police who broke up a Barcaldine labor meeting (see 1891 Shearers' Strike), Brentnall recited the last two stanzas of Henry Lawson's 'Freedom on the Wallaby' as evidence of the danger of the radicals. There were calls in the chamber for Lawson's arrest for sedition. Lawson wrote a bitter rejoinder to Brentnall, 'The Vote of Thanks Debate':

The other night I got the blues and tried to smile in vain.
I couldn't chuck a chuckle at the foolery of Twain;
When Ward and Billings failed to bring a twinkle to my eye,
I turned my eyes to Hansard of the fifteenth of July.
I laughed and roared until I thought that I was growing fat,
And all the boarders came to see what I was laughing at:
It rose the risibility of some, I grieve to state,
That foolish speech of Brentnall's in the Vote of Thanks debate ...

"Frederick Brentnall, a moral extremist, opposed votes for women except with the property qualification. An appointed life member of the Legislative Council after resigning from the Methodist ministry with throat troubles, he was also part of the Telegraph empire. When the Boomerang lampooned him for his speech on raising the age of consent he sued them for libel and lost. 'I would like to see a woman who would ever tempt me to do wrong', he had said."   Source

"Frederick Brentnall, MLC and chairman of the board of directors of the Brisbane Telegraph was among the bourgeois patriarchs who did not want votes for women, unless they were propertied. But his wife Elizabeth was Colonial President of the Women's Christian Temperance Union that, from 1891, had thrown its weight behind women's suffrage."   Source

Lawson & Co: associations with Henry and Louisa Lawson

 

 

Henry Lawson: The old $10 note

Give me a pound a column, and a drop to clear my throat,
An' I will write the reddest song as ever poet wrote.

1867 Henry Lawson (d. September 2, 1922), Australian's best-known writer of short stories and verse, noted for his realistic portrayals of bush life and the revolutionary politics of his earlier writing.

Henry Lawson was born dirt-poor in a bark hut* on the goldfields at Grenfell, New South Wales. Likewise, he died in abject poverty, under a tree in his garden, and Prime Minister William Morris Hughes ordered one of the grandest State funerals ever seen in Australia, and the first for a writer, which was attended by many thousands in St Andrew's Cathedral and out on the streets of Sydney (picture of funeral). 

Years later, his face was on Australia's $10 note, only to be removed and replaced with that of his conservative friend and The Bulletin magazine poetic sparring partner, Banjo Paterson. On the reverse of today's $10 note is one-time Communist Mary Gilmore, who Lawson once asked to marry him, but was refused. She changed her mind soon after she had sailed to Paraguay to live on the William Lane-led radical communal experiment, New Australia, but by then it was too late as Lawson had married the daughter of two of Australia's most famous fiery radicals, William and Bertha McNamara.

Henry Lawson's mother was the pioneer feminist and 'Mother of Women's Suffrage', Louisa Lawson (1848 - 1920), publisher/editor of the progressive women's journal, Dawn (a "paper in which women may express their own opinions on political and social questions"), which Henry Lawson printed in its earliest editions. His brother-in-law was another fiery labor man, Jack Lang, who became Premier of New South Wales in 1925.

When female Australian British subjects (with the glaring exception of Asians, Aborigines and Africans) won the vote with the Uniform Franchise Act (June 16, 1902), Louisa Lawson was hailed by her political sisters as "The Mother of Womanhood Suffrage" in the first country in the world to grant women the right to vote and stand for election. Unlike many suffragists and feminists of her day, she was uneducated (two years of schooling) and did not come from a privileged background but from the shanties of rural Australia. Dawn was a monthly journal that lasted for 17 years, employed a staff of ten and mostly published the writings of Henry Lawson's remarkable mother.

Henry Lawson lived much of his life in poverty and alcoholic despair, but even during his lifetime he was acknowledged as a poetic genius, much-loved by the Australian people who until recently had a strong poetic culture. In his his lifetime, he was probably Australia's most famous person. With Andrew Barton 'Banjo' Paterson (1864 - 1941), he is Australia's national poet and the two names are often said together. His poetry, however, like his short stories (he was prolific in both genres), has much more of a radical bent than that of Banjo. The two men were friendly rivals and a famous poetic duel ('Up the Country'), was fought publicly between them in The Bulletin. Paterson's poem romanticised the Aussie outback; Henry Lawson, ever the cynic-realist, answered decrying its harshness, poverty and social injustice ...

Read on at the Henry and Louisa Lawson page at the Scriptorium

 

"She struggled to get women the vote. Her son was Australia's most famous writer. They drove each other crazy." Novel about Henry and Louisa Lawson.

 

Click to enlarge, 172 kb, opens in new window'Faces in the Street'

By Henry Lawson

THEY lie, the men who tell us in a loud decisive tone
That want is here a stranger, and that misery's unknown;
For where the nearest suburb and the city proper meet
My window-sill is level with the faces in the street —
Drifting past, drifting past,
To the beat of weary feet —
While I sorrow for the owners of those faces in the street.

And cause I have to sorrow, in a land so young and fair,
To see upon those faces stamped the marks of Want and Care;
I look in vain for traces of the fresh and fair and sweet
In sallow, sunken faces that are drifting through the street —
Drifting on, drifting on,
To the scrape of restless feet;
I can sorrow for the owners of the faces in the street.

In hours before the dawning dims the starlight in the sky
The wan and weary faces first begin to trickle by,
Increasing as the moments hurry on with morning feet,
Till like a pallid river flow the faces in the street —
Flowing in, flowing in,
To the beat of hurried feet —
Ah! I sorrow for the owners of those faces in the street.

The human river dwindles when 'tis past the hour of eight,
Its waves go flowing faster in the fear of being late;
But slowly drag the moments, whilst beneath the dust and heat
The city grinds the owners of the faces in the street —
Grinding body, grinding soul,
Yielding scarce enough to eat –
Oh! I sorrow for the owners of the faces in the street …

The rest of Lawson's poem    More Henry Lawson verse and stories online

'To Henry Lawson', poem by your almanackist

 

*Was Henry Lawson born in a tent, during a flooding storm?

Click for Grenfell, New South Wales Forecast

Henry Lawson was born on the Grenfell goldfields, but grew up around Mudgee, New South Wales

It's popularly believed that Henry Lawson was born in a tent in flooding rains, a myth perpetuated by many including his sister Gertrude, who often wrote inaccurate and exaggerated accounts of her famous brother. In the Grenfell Record of December 17, 1915 (by which time the elderly Louisa Lawson had lost contact with reality), it was recorded that LT Maher of Croydon had been "recently" told by Louisa that "heavy rains had fallen, and the nurse had to be carried over the flood that came down the One-Mile" – Gertrude made it two miles of flooded country that the nurse had to be carried over. Note that the Grenfell Record of June 15 and 22, 1867 makes no reference to rain and there is no other evidence of such a flood known. On the contrary, the Grenfell Water Company was waiting for rain to fill a dam, and no floods were recorded anywhere in southern New South Wales until June 29, and in Grenfell not until Tuesday, September 24. Grenfell police records exist of June 16/17 and indicate nothing like a tempestuous night. Similarly, the evidence is stronger that Henry Lawson was born in a hut than in a tent. The myth apparently began in 1903 with the Bulletin's publication of 'The Wander-light':

And they heard the tent-poles clatter,
And the fly in twain was torn—
'Tis the soiled rag of a tatter
Of the tent where I was born.

The tale was later embellished to equate Lawson with Scotland's national poet, Robert Burns. Similarly, the legend that a broken-down "Doctor Whiley" was woken, at the point of a gun, from his delirium tremens in a distant cave to attend to the birth, is another of Gertrude's fantasies. We do know, however, that the first months of Henry's life were indeed lived in a tent on 'The Result', the mining claim pegged out by his father and his father's mates on the 'One-Mile' on the Grenfell goldfield (Roderick, Colin, Henry Lawson: a life, Angus and Robertson. Sydney, 1991).

Grenfell, NSW - Daily Weather Observations

Lawson & Co: associations with Henry and Louisa Lawson    Henry Lawson texts online

Henry Lawson stories - Alphabetical List    My photos of the 50th Annual Lawson festival, Grenfell, 2007

Henry Lawson verse - Alphabetical List (incomplete, particularly with regard to HL's 'red' poems; Australia has tended to prefer to regard Lawson as a 'bush poet', forgetting the large body of work in his radical verse, much of it composed between 1888 and 1893. An overview of his whole work will show he was more a bush short story writer than a bush poet.)

"In the 1950s and 60s academics contested the view which was being promoted by many prominent Australian intellectuals that Henry Lawson was an exemplary representative of the Australian national character. They also quickly dismissed the socialist principles which cultural workers in the Communist Party of Australia were rediscovering in the famous Australian's work. In the 'end of ideology' climate of the Cold War, academics were justifying the inclusion of Australian literature in the academic curriculum by establishing a canon of the 'very best' Australian writing. Admission to this canon was achieved through a professionally authorized process of critical evaluation that concentrated upon formal analysis and metaphysical inquiry. Canonization was understood as an aesthetic judgment, while political ideology, formal convention, and the social purchase of popularity were considered as anathema to both creative genius and academic discipline. Accordingly, Lawson's short fiction was re-evaluated for its evidence of technical sophistication, formal innovation, and the presentation of existential themes that linked Australian writing to the modernist traditions of other nations. Lawson's politics were seen as a destructive influence on his art, and his significant body of poetic work was largely considered unworthy of professional attention."   Source