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Saint Francis and Saint Benedight
Blesse this house from wicked wight,
From the night-mare and the goblin,
That is hight good-fellow Robin;
Keep it from all evil spirits.
Fairies, weezels, rats, and ferrets:
     From curfew time
     To the next prime.

Cartwright   Source: 'Old Christmas', by Washington Irving; today is St Benedict's day


Article I. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.

Article II. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.

Article III. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation.

Article IV. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law.
 

From 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen', presented on July 10, 1789 to the National Constituent Assembly

China's terracotta warriors

There shall be in England seven half-penny loaves sold for a penny; the three-hooped pot shall have ten hoops; and I will make it a felony to drink small beer; all the realm shall be in common, and in Cheapside shall my palfrey go to grass.
Jack Cade, English rebel, who was murdered on July 12, 1450; in William Shakespeare, King Henry VI, Part II, Act iv., Scene 2

A strange red light as of a phantom ship all aglow, in the midst of which light the mast, spars and sails of a brig 200 yards distant stood out in strong relief … on arriving there, no vestige nor any sign whatever of any material ship was to be seen either near or right away to the horizon, the night being clear and the sea calm. Thirteen persons altogether saw her.
Words used by England's future King George V to describe the phantom ship Flying Dutchman, which he claimed to have seen on July 11, 1881

She is distinguished from earthly vessels by bearing a press of sail when other vessels are unable, from stress of weather, to show an inch of canvas.
Sir Walter Scott (1771 - 1832), on the phantom ship Flying Dutchman

The living language is like a cow-path: it is the creation of the cows themselves, who, having created it, follow it or depart from it according to their whims or their needs. From daily use, the path undergoes change. A cow is under no obligation to stay.
EB White, American author, born on July 11, 1899

Now that I'm gone, I tell you: Don't smoke. Whatever you do, don't smoke.
Yul Brynner, Hollywood actor born on July 11, 1915

Well may we say 'God save the Queen', because nothing will save the Governor-General.
EG Whitlam, Australian Prime Minister 1972 - '75, spoken when the Governor-General Sir John Kerr dismissed him on November 11, 1975; born on July 11, 1916

Efforts to slow down population growth, to reduce poverty, to achieve economic progress, to improve environmental protection, and to reduce unsustainable
consumption and production patterns are mutually reinforcing.

Excerpt from Paragraph 3.14 of the Programme of Action adopted at the International Conference on Population and Development (Cairo 1994)

The international community partially disarmed thousands of men, promised them they would be safeguarded and then delivered them to their sworn enemies. Srebrenica was not simply a case of the international community standing by as a far-off atrocity was committed. The actions of the international community encouraged, aided, and emboldened the executioners.
David Rohde, Christian Science Monitor; Srebrenica's massacres began on July 11, 1995

We can't abolish poverty because poverty is a function of individual behaviour.
Australian federal politician Tony Abbott revealing his depth of socio-economic analysis, reported in The Age (Melbourne), July 11, 2001   Source

 

 

 

July 11 is the 192nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (193rd in leap years), with 173 days remaining.
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World Population Day, United Nations

Although people no longer talk about a catastrophic "population bomb," world population continues to grow. Unfortunately, the most affected countries are also the ones least able to support more people.

Developing Poor countries (let's not euphemize poverty) account for more than 95 per cent of today's population growth.

Source

Population Issues Overview  

ICPD Programme of Action Keeping the Promise 

Almost all countries are taking action to: 

Over the next decade, UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund, urges governments to honour the commitments made in 1994 at the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD). 

Every nation knows what to do. The ICPD Programme of Action is a guiding plan for 20 years. One decade is past and much remains to be done. 

To learn how you can support the ICPD and its lead organization, UNFPA, visit www.unfpa.org

 

 

Saint BenedictFeast day of St Benedict (or Bennet) of Nursia, abbot of Monte Cassino (Mt Casino), patriarch of the Western monks
(Bulbous fumitory, Fumaria bulbosa, is today's plant, dedicated to this saint. This saint's day was formerly commemorated on March 21.)

Benedict, the father of Western monasticism, was born about 480, son of a Roman noble of Nursia, a small town near Spoleto, Umbria, Italy. A tradition, which St Bede accepts, makes him a twin with his sister Scholastica. He went to study at Rome and, disgusted by what he saw as the vices in that city, at about 15 years of age fled to the wild mountains of Subiaco. He had a strong sense of asceticism and lived alone in what is now called the Holy Grotto, where a nearby monk, Romanus, supplied him with food.

Once, the Devil came to him as a blackbird. After this, he rolled himself in briars and nettles, till he was covered with blood. His fame spread and others joined him in such endeavours.

His life was attended by many wonders. Once, there was a lazy monk being led out of the church by a little black boy. Benedict hit the monk's shoulders with a cudgel because the boy was the devil. By Benedict's prayers a fountain once sprung up. On another occasion, a monk was chopping wood when his axe-head fell in the well: it floated to the top. Benedict commanded Nature and could foresee events; he made heavy stones light, and raised the dead; he exorcised; he miraculously found a flagon of wine; a dead boy was cast out of the grave and the saint put the host on his body to hold him down; a glass bottle cast on the stones was not broken; an empty tun was filled with oil by his prayers; he saw the soul of his sister in the form of a dove.  Or, so it is said.

After some time, Benedict was made Abbot of Vicovara. However, he disagreed with the monks and returned to his cave. Later, he went to Monte Cassino, near Naples where at the old temple of Apollo, some residents were still pagans. He converted many and demolished the temple. There he founded an abbey, as well as others in the area, thus beginning the Benedictine order, the main duty of which was obedience.

Benedictine monks were required to work seven hours and study two hours a day. They were allowed no animal food and had their possessions in common. The order amassed great wealth. His strict rules influenced all Western monasteries, but in time, the order became renowned for its members' luxurious living; reform movements led to the Cistercian and Cluny orders. 

Pope Gregory the Great wrote the biography of St Benedict. The saint died on Saturday, March 21, probably in the year 543. In England he is usually called Bennet, but he is not to be confused with the English St Benedict Biscop.

Benedictine Order    Rule of St Benedict

 

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Fundamentals of Spiritual Alchemy


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The Rule of Four

Hypnerotomachi Poliphili
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Lonely Planet Australia


The Medieval Cookbook


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The Last Alchemist: Count Cagliostro

 

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On a day in July: Brick-throwing competition, Stroud

The towns of Stroud in England, the United States, and Australia hold an International Brick and Rolling Pin Throwing Competition on the same day in July.

It all started in 1959, when residents of the small town of Stroud, Oklahoma, USA, home to a brick factory, discovered that an English town with the same name also made bricks. Teams of six contestants throw a normal house brick. Stroud, Australia joined the contest later, and so did Stroud in Canada but it's since dropped out. A rolling pin-throwing competition was added because the Australians make rolling pins.

 

Commemoration of Theano, wife of Pythagoras
Theano was a philosopher in her own right, sometimes seen as the patroness of vegetarianism. Theano, according to John Lempriere (Class. Dict.), was a native either of Crete or Croton (in Calabria, southern Italy, on the Gulf of Taranto), and it is believed she was the wife of Pythagoras and mother of Damo of Croton.

Festival of the Ludi Apollinares, ancient Rome (Jul 6 - 13)

Dog Days, ancient Rome (Jul 3 - Aug 11)  

Goddess month of Kerea commences  

Feast day of St Abundius

Feast day of St Amabilis

Feast day of St Benedict

Feast day of St Cindeus

Feast day of St Cyprian

Feast day of St Drostan, abbot of Dalcongaile

Feast day of St James, Bishop of Nisibus
(Yellow lupin, Lupinus luteus, is also today's plant, dedicated to this saint.)

Feast day of St Hidulphus, bishop

Feast day of St Januarius

Feast day of St John of Bergamo

Feast day of St Leontius the Younger

Feast day of St Marcian

Feast day of St Olga
First Russian saint.

Feast day of St Oliver Plunkette

Feast day of St Pelagia

Feast day of St Feast day of St St Pius I, pope and martyr

Feast day of St Placid

Feast day of St Sabinus

Feast day of St Turketil

Click for Eastern Orthodox liturgical days    Shop saints

Flemish Day (Battle of the Golden Spurs, 1302), Belgium
Celebrated in the Flanders region in Belgium (not a public holiday).

Independence Day, Benin (1960)

Independence Day, Burkina Faso (1960)

Independence Day, Niger (1960)

National Day of Commemoration, Ireland, held on nearest Sunday to this date (see Irish calendar)

Naadam, Mongolia and Inner Mongolia region of China (Jul 11 -13)
National festival of Mongolia, also called 'Eriin Gurvan Naadam', meaning 'men's three variety of games'. The games are Mongolian wrestling, horse racing and archery. Originally it was a religious festival but now it formally commemorates the 1921 revolution when Mongolia declared itself a free country.

Mongolia - Naadam Holiday

China National Maritime Day, China

 

Ama

Shirongo Matsuri, Shirahige Shrine, Sugashima, Mie Prefecture, Japan

On July 11, white-costumed ama women divers of the district dive for abalone. When a note is sounded from a triton horn, the women dive into the water, competing to be the first to catch an abalone. The women who catch the first male and female abalone offer them at the shrine in order to ensure safe sea journeys and an abundant harvest, and become the following year's head divers. The numbers of abalone have decreased over the years as the environment has been degraded, and since the time that divers started wearing wetsuits and were able to dive longer in the cold sea. Diving is controlled by the government, and divers may work only 25 days of the year.

The word ama literally means 'sea person'. Japanese tradition holds that the practice of ama divers may be 2,000 years old. Traditionally, and even as recently as the 1960s, ama dived wearing only a loincloth. Even in modern times, ama dive without scuba gear or air tanks, in dives that typically last about 80 seconds.

"They plunge 20 metres down into the seabed and hold their breath for up to 2 minutes. They have to work fast underwater cutting the abalone from the rock. When they return to the surface they make a sigh-like sound - the isobue - symbolising their deep connection and respect for their surroundings and the environment.

"All the ama women on the island gather to dive from a sacred beach. They compete to find a pair of red and black abalone to offer the white bearded Sea-God, Shirongo-san, the fisherfolk's guardian."

Waiting for the tide   Video (RAM file)

More    More

 

Gion Matsuri, Kyoto, Japan (all of July)

Hakata Yamagasa, Japan (Jul 1 - 15)

Running of the Bulls, Pamplona, Spain (Jul 6 - 14)

NAIDOC Week, Australia (c. Jul 4 - 11)

Lobster Carnival, Pictou, Nova Scotia (Jul 8 - 11) (2004)

Diabetes Awareness Week, Australia (2004) (Jul 11 - Jul 17)

Free Slurpee at 7-Eleven, USA
Most stores provide a free 7.11oz Slurpee on 7-11.

Bonfire night, Northern Ireland
Precursor to The Twelfth.

 

 

 

On which day of the week were you born? Find out here

1274 Robert the Bruce, king of Scotland (1306 - '29)

"Robert Bruce is surely the greatest of all the great Scottish heroes, yet the Hollywood movie Braveheart gave all the heroics to his compatriot William Wallace, making Bruce out to be nothing more than a self-serving opportunist. However, it was the patience and cunning of Bruce that Scotland needed, not the impetuousness of Wallace, especially facing such formidable enemies as the English, first under Edward I and then under his son and heir Edward II. Bruce bided his time; he first had to establish his authority as King of Scotland. By the time of Bannockburn, he was ready.

"Earl of Carrick, Robert Bruce was born at Turnberry Castle, Ayrshire, in 1274, of both Norman and Celtic ancestry. Two years before his birth, Edward Plantagenet had become King Edward I of England. The ruthlessness of Edward, who earned the title 'the Hammer of the Scots' brought forth the greatness of Bruce whose astonishing victory at Bannockburn in 1314 over the much larger and better-equipped forces of Edward II ensured Scottish freedom from control by the hated English."   Source

Images of Robert the Bruce

1657 King Frederick I of Prussia (1701 - '13)

1754 Thomas Bowdler (d. February 24, 1825), English physician who published an expurgated edition of William Shakespeare's work that he considered to be more appropriate than the original for women and children. (When your almanackist was at high school in the 1960s in Australia, his school-issued Shakespeare was in a Bowdler-edited volume.) Bowdler similarly edited Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. His expurgation has long been the subject of criticism and ridicule and, through the eponym bowdlerise (or bowdlerize), his name is now associated with prudish censorship of literature, motion pictures and television programs.

1767 John Quincy Adams, president of the United States (1825 - '29)

The Diaries of John Quincy Adams: A Digital Collection

1857 Alfred Binet (d. 1911), psychologist

1897 Blind Lemon Jefferson, American blues musician

"Considering he was the most popular male blues recording artist of the 1920s, we know surprisingly little about Blind Lemon Jefferson. The bare bones of his biography are as follows. Born in Couchman, near Wortham in Freestone County, Texas, probably sometime in (July?) 1897. Blind from childhood, possibly even from birth. May, like Sonny Terry, have had some residual sight (which would explain his wearing clear, rather than dark, glasses.) Between 1925 and 1929, he made at least 100 recordings, including alternate versions of some songs. Had 43 records issued, all but one on the Paramount label. Died in Chicago, in mysterious circumstances, towards the end of December, 1929. Taken back to Texas by pianist Will Ezell. Buried at the Wortham Cemetery, reputedly on New Year's Day, 1930. Inspired a generation of male bluesmen, but had few imitators, due to the complexity of his guitar playing and the distinctiveness of his high, clear voice."  Source

1897 Eugene Bull Connor (d. 1973), sheriff of Birmingham, Alabama, resisted civil rights

1899 EB White (Elwyn Brooks White; d. 1985), American author (Charlotte's Web), who revised and enlarged The Elements of Style by William Strunk, Jr

1903 OE Hasse (d. 1978), actor

1906 Herbert Wehner (d. 1990), politician

1910 Irene Hervey (d. 1998), actress

1913 Cordwainer Smith, writer

1915 Yul Brynner, Siberian-born Hollywood and Broadway actor, best known for his stage and screen portrayal of the King of Siam in The King and I

Yul Brynner Foundation

1916 (Edward) Gough Whitlam, twenty-first Prime Minister of Australia, 1972 - 75. Much to the astonishment and dismay of millions of Australians, he was dismissed by the representative of Queen Elizabeth II, the Governor-General of Australia, Sir John Kerr on November 11, 1975.

Gough Whitlam: That politicians have lost their sense of humour (debate speech)

1921 Ilse Werner, actress

1926 Frederick Buechner, author

1927 Brett Somers, actor

1929 Hermann Prey (d. 1998), baritone

1930 Harold Bloom, literary critic

1931 Tab Hunter, American B-movie star (Movie: Damn Yankees)

1934 Giorgio Armani, Italian fashion designer

1939 Seth Gaaikema, Dutch comedian

1949 Liona Boyd, classical guitarist

1957 Michael Rose, musician (Black Uhuru)

1959 Suzanne Vega, singer

1959 Richie Sambora, singer/guitarist (Bon Jovi)

1976 Lil' Kim, rap singer

 

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July

10 Teddy Bears' Picnic Day
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12 Simplicity Day
13 International Puzzle Day
13 Beans And Franks Day
14 French Fries Day
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18 Dental Awareness Day
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27 St Pantaleone's Day
28 Hamburger Day
29 Rain Day
30 Cheesecake Day
31 Jump For Jellybeans Day

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c. 155 Death of Pope Pius I.

472 Death of Anthemius, Emperor of the Western Empire. Anthemius had fallen into a serious sickness, and believing that it was caused by sorcery, extracted vengeance on numerous prominent men. The Master of Soldiers, Ricimer, lost patience with Anthemius, summoned 6,000 men who had been enlisted for the war against the Vandals, and began armed opposition in Milan against Anthemius in Rome. This conflict between emperor and military strongman ended five months later with Ricimer's conquest of Rome, and the capture and execution of Anthemius.

1302 Battle of the Golden Spurs (Guldensporenslag in Dutch) – the Flemish cities defeated the king of France.

1346 Charles IV of Luxembourg was elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

 

1450 Jack Cade, leader of a peasant rebellion was killed near Lewes, England, and his head left on a pike on London Bridge (along with those of other leaders of the rebellion).

Jack Cade (possibly named John Mortimer) was the leader of a popular revolt in late medieval Europe in the 1450 Kent rebellion which took place in the time of England's King Henry VI. Cade and his 20,000 comrades had issued The Complaint of the Poor Commons of Kent, a manifesto listing grievances against the government.

Cade appears as a character William Shakespeare's play Henry VI, Part 2. It is one of Cade's followers, in discussion with Cade himself, who has the well-known line, "The first thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers".

Related: Wat Tyler's Rebellion, 1381    Ket's Rebellion, 1549    More

1533 King Henry VIII of England was excommunicated.

1576 Martin Frobisher sighted Greenland. He had sailed from Harwich, England, destined to mistakenly mine fools' gold at Frobisher Bay, the ore of which was used to pave streets in London.

[On September 18, 1578 Martin Frobisher's men, including Thomas Wiars who wrote an account, discovered the mysterious Buss Island in the North Atlantic at 57.5 degrees latitude.

[The discovery of this island was published in a compilation by Richard Hakluyt about Frobisher's third voyage. Frobisher had been attempting to find the 'North-west passage', the legendary shortcut to Kathay (China), with a fleet of 15 vessels. His main purpose was to find gold and other minerals … More]

1577 Death of King John III of Portugal.

1616 Samuel de Champlain returned to Quebec.

1740 Jews were expelled from Little Russia.

1742 A Papal Bull condemned the Jesuits' tolerance of Confucianism in China.

1750 Halifax, Nova Scotia was almost completely destroyed by fire.

1776 Captain James Cook began his third voyage in search of the Northwest Passage round the northern coast of America from the Pacific side.

1789 In France, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette presented the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen to the National Constituent Assembly. The Declaration was adopted August 26, 1789 (some sources say August 27).

1789 The French National Assembly adopted the red, white and blue tricolour as the national flag.

"The tricolour was adopted ... when the people were disgusted with the king for dismissing Necker; the popular tale is that the insurgents had adopted for their flag the two colours, red and blue (the colours of the city of Paris), but that Lafayette persuaded them to add the Bourbon white, to show that they bore no hostility to the king."
Ivor H Evans, Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Cassell, London, 1988

1797 English comedian and actor Charles Macklin died at London, aged 106. He played his last role, as Shylock, in his hundredth year. His favourite beverage was wine thickened with sugar to a syrup.

1798 The United States Marine Corps was established.

1804 In a duel, Vice President Aaron Burr killed Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton.

Hamilton was challenged to a duel by the V-P, whom Hamilton had accused of profligacy. Hamilton did not approve of this method of settling differences, but fearing, as he wrote, that his "ability to be in future useful either in preventing mischief or effecting good was inseparable from a conformity to prejudice in this particular", he accepted. He met his adversary at Weehardken near New York. Burr's shot struck him in the side and he died from his injuries. Not since Washington's death had there been such mourning in America.

1811 Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro published his paper about molecular content of gases.

1848 The Waterloo railway station in London opened.

1859 A Tale Of Two Cities by Charles Dickens was published.

1864 Confederate forces attempted an invasion of Washington DC.

 

Flying Dutchman1881 Sixteen-year-old Prince George (1865 - 1936), the future King George V of the United Kingdom, as a young midshipman on HMS Bacchante, wrote in his journal that he had seen that day (4:00 am) the phantom ship, the Flying Dutchman, off the port bow.

Sailing with George was the heir to the throne, his elder brother, the mentally deficient Prince Albert Victor Christian Edward (Eddie) who later mysteriously died before becoming king, much to the relief of the British Royal Family.

Eddie, who was later a modern and unlikely suspect in the Jack the Ripper case, also recorded in his journal the sighting of the Dutchman which was seen by thirteen witnesses including the lookout on the Bacchante's forecastle (who fell and died within seven hours – 10:45 am), and the officer of the watch.

In George's own words:

"At 4am the 'Flying Dutchman' crossed our bows. A strange red light as a of a phantom ship aglow ... Thirteen persons altogether saw her, but whether it was Van Deimen [sic] of the 'Flying Dutchman' or what else must remain unknown. The Tourmaline and Cleopatra ... flashed to ask whether we had seen the strange red light."

King George V sailingThe ghost ship was also sighted by people on board HMS Cleopatra and HMS Tourmaline in the squadron, which was commanded by Prince Louis of Battenberg, great uncle of Prince Philip. Prince George , with the help of his tutor, Reverend John Neale Dalton, published his account as The Cruise Of HMS Bacchante, 1879-1882, (London: Macmillan and Co., 1886).

According to which source one trusts, the spectral event occurred either between Melbourne and Sydney, Australia or near the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.  

Pictured at right: King George V at the helm in later years

What is the Flying Dutchman?

"Several hundred years ago, in the year 1729 to be exactly, there lived a Dutch sea captain of fearsome temperament. With his ship he sailed through the stormiest seas, and fared the hardest routes. One day however, despite all his efforts, a storm prevented him from rounding the steep cliffs of a headland. He swore to the Devil that he would never give in to Nature, and that he would sail on until he rounded the headland, even if it took him till Judgment Day. The Devil took the Captain at his word and dammed him, that he must stay as captain of his ship, now a ghostship, sailing the seas, until Judgment Day should come. The Devil left him just one small hope. Only through the love of a woman could he be released."   Source

More   And more 

August 3, 1942 – another phantom ship

 

1893 The first cultured pearl was obtained by Kokichi Mikimoto.

1895 The brothers Lumière showed a film for scientists.

1897 Salomon Andrée left Spitsbergen to try to reach the North pole by balloon. He later crashed and died.

1911 Hiram Bingham (1875 - 1956), Yale University archaeologist, while exploring old Inca roads on a high mountain ridge (at an elevation of about 6,750 feet) above the Urubamba valley in modern-day Peru, found Machu Picchu (sometimes called 'the Lost City of the Incas'), a well preserved Pre-Columbian.

Bingham made several more trips and conducted excavations on the site through 1915. He wrote a number of books and articles about Machu Picchu; his popular account Lost City of the Incas became a best-seller.

1919 The eight-hour working day and free Sunday were made into law in the Netherlands.

1920 Daredevil Englishman Charles G Stephens plunged over Niagara Falls in a wooden barrel with an anvil for ballast. Stephens tied himself to the anvil for security. However, after the brave feat,  his right arm was the only item left in the barrel.

Daredevil Chronological Lists    Daredevils of Niagara Falls

Niagara Falls and other webcams

 

1921 A truce was called in the Irish War of Independence; see Irish calendar.

1921 USA: Former US President William Howard Taft was sworn in as tenth Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court, becoming the only person to ever be both President and Chief Justice.

1921 Mongolia became independent (from China).

1936 USA: Triborough Bridge in New York City was opened to traffic.

1940 The Vichy Regime was formally established in France (and Henri Philippe Pétain became Prime Minister).

1940 Petrol rationing was introduced in Australia. Each motorist was allowed to travel only 3,220 km per year.

1943 The Germans launched a counter attack on Sicily.

1944 Franklin Delano Roosevelt announced he would run for a fourth term as president of the United States.

1948 Al-Nakba - 'The Catastrophe' for Palestinians.

"The Arab-Israeli war of 1948, known in Israel as the War of Independence, is called al-Nakba or the Catastrophe by Palestinians. For generations of Americans raised on the heroic story of Israel's birth, especially as written by Leon Uris in Exodus, there is no place for al-Nakba. Yet this fundamental Palestinian wound, and the power of its memory today, cannot simply be wished away."   Source

1955 The phrase In God We Trust was added to all US currency.

1960 Dahomey (now Benin), Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), and Niger all gained independence.

1962 First transatlantic satellite television transmission.

1962 Soviet cosmonaut Micolaev was four days in space, a record.

1971 Copper mines in Chile were nationalised.

1974 Sir John Kerr was sworn in as Governor-General of Australia on the birthday of Gough Whitlam, the Prime Minister he dismissed less than 18 months later.

1975 Chinese archaeologists discovered a large burial site with more than 6,000 terracotta statutes of warriors, chariots and horses, near the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an from 221 BCE.

1977 USA: Martin Luther King was posthumously rewarded the Medal of Freedom.

1977 The British magazine Gay News was fined one thousand pounds for publishing a poem suggesting that Jesus Christ was a homosexual.

Source

1979 After six years in space, the USA's space station Skylab returned to Earth. The equipment disintegrated over Western Australia and the Indian Ocean, casting large pieces of debris in populated areas (fortunately, the only casualty being an Australian cow). Cows and Australians are generally hospitable creatures, but this was a real test of character.

1987 According to the United Nations, the world population crossed the 5,000,000,000 mark.

1990 A land rights dispute between the authorities and Mohawk Indians led to shots being fired near Montreal.

1991 Total solar eclipse in Hawaii.  

 

1992 The Kiama Blowhole Tragedy

The north coast of the state of New South Wales, Australia, where your almanac is produced, is very beautiful, but for picture postcard scenery, take a drive south from Sydney along the Prince's Highway. After a few hours of picturesque countryside and coastline, you will arrive at the small town of Kiama, famous for a spectacular natural phenomenon.

The Kiama Blowhole is a natural cavern or chasm at Blowhole Point, on a seaside cliff near town. When the seas run from the south-east, a spectacular plume of water erupts as high as 60 metres (about 65 yards). Something like 600,000 people a year come to the Blowhole to marvel at the sight.

The British naval surgeon and explorer of Australia, George Bass, was the first European to see this sight, when he anchored his whale boat in the sheltered bay, now known as Kiama Harbour, in December, 1797.

Bass wrote: "The earth for a considerable distance round in the form approaching a circle seemed to have given way; it was now a green slope … Towards the centre was a deep ragged hole of about 25 to 30 feet in diameter and on one side of it the sea washed in through a subterraneous passage...with a most tremendous noise ..."

The Blowhole and the adjacent lighthouse have long been a popular tourist attraction. In January, 1889 a tightrope walker named Charles Jackson attracted large crowds to see his daring crossings of the mouth of the chasm.

Tragedy strikes Kiama

Kiama had been the site of a tragedy on February 22, 1949 when a ship called the Bombo, a steel vessel of 640 tons built in Leith, Scotland in 1930 especially for carrying blue metal from Kiama to Sydney, sank in a gale with the loss of all but two of her crew. The Blowhole itself has also been the location of a number of suicides. In 1992, tragedy struck the town again, this time at the Blowhole. And it was not to be the last occasion.

On Saturday, July 11, 1992, 26-year-old Afghan refugee Fared Cina, his wife Angella, 28 and their four-year-old daughter Baran, were standing by the blowhole as so many have before and since. Enjoying the "whoosh!" of the famous blowhole with the the Cina family were Mrs Cina's nephew Arash, aged 7.

Nasarin Zobair, 37, her daughter Kahlida, 21 and eleven-year-old son Mustafa were also watching Nature's show with their friends, when the water rose up with tremendous force, knocking all seven of them into the chasm and rushing them out to sea, with three relatives left standing hopelessly nearby. Mr Cina's body was never recovered.

At the time I had very close associations with Australia's relatively small community of Afghan people, most of them refugees who suffered unspeakable abuses under the Communists and Taliban, and I remember well the pall of grief that fell over this already benighted community.

Tragedy strikes the same family again at the Blowhole

Tragically, on April 10, 1997, the bodies of Sydney cousins Masuda Khushbakht, 16, and Khatera Nawabi, 20, both relatives of four of the people who died in the blowhole in 1992, were found floating in the ocean off Kiama.

Those who lost their lives in the Kiama Blowhole in two separate incidents were refugees from oppression who had settled in Australia, or else their children. The mother of one of the victims of the 1992 tragedy, Mahboba Rawi, who had formerly walked for ten days from Kabul, across mountains to Pakistan to escape tyranny, suffered as any woman would suffer when losing a child. However, after some time, which saw the breakdown of her marriage to a fellow Afghan refugee, she turned her attention to the plight of others whom she considered less fortunate even than herself. She helped to establish programs to aid the people suffering in the refugee camps of Peshawar, Pakistan, where she herself had been forced to live in the 1980s.

Refugee stories

 

1995 Full diplomatic relations were established between the United States and Vietnam.

 

Srebrenica headline

 

1995 The killing days at Srebrenica, a town in the east of Bosnia and Herzegovina, began. In Europe's most horrific case of genocide and gendercide since WWII, as many as 7,000 Muslim men and boys were massacred almost under the watchful eyes of United Nations troops. Perhaps if it wasn't for the tenacity and courage of journalist David Rohde of the Christian Science Monitor, the story would not have got out to the world.

Bosnia families lay 282 Srebrenica victims to rest
"
SREBRENICA, Bosnia, July 11, 2003 —
About 15,000 Bosnians gathered on Friday to bury 282 Muslim men and boys killed in the Srebrenica massacre eight years after Europe's worst atrocity since World War Two."   Source

More

 

2004 CIA Director George Tenet left his position at the CIA.

2005 Hurricane season set to be stormy, the BBC warned.

"Hurricane Dennis could be an ominous sign of tempestuous times ahead, with more storms than usual set to pummel the Atlantic, British scientists warn."
BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Hurricane season set to be stormy

Hurricane Katrina    Hurricane Katrina timeline    http://del.icio.us/almanac/katrina

Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans

 

 

Tomorrow: Bucky and Thoreau

 

 Main calendar | Yesterday | Tomorrow | Search

 

 

 

Wikipedia and David Brown's prodigious Daily Bleed are both excellent resources that aid my research.
I frequently make use of their generously liberal 'fair use', 'copyleft' and 'anti-copyright' policies, with much gratitude.
© My own copyright policy is also liberal, but as this is my livelihood, conditions apply.

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