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April 15th. When the third day shall have dawned after the Ides of Venus ... This day once on a time Cytherea commanded to go faster and hurried the galloping horses down hill, that on the next day the youthful Augustus might receive the sooner the title of Emperor ...
Ovid, Fasti, IV. 629 and 6 - 73   Roman calendar

You priests, offer a pregnant (forda) cow in sacrifice.
Forda is a cow in calf and fruitful, from ferendo (carrying):
They consider
fetus is derived from the same root.
Now the cattle are big with young, and the ground's
Pregnant with seed: a teeming victim's given to teeming Earth.
Some are killed on Jupiter's citadel, the Curiae (wards)
Get thirty cows: they're drenched with plenty of sprinkled blood.
But when the priests have torn the calves from their mother's womb,
And thrown the slashed entrails on the smoking hearth,
The oldest Vestal burns the dead calves in the fire,
So their ashes can purge the people on the day of Pales.

From Ovid, Fasti, translated by AS Kline. Today was the Fordicia in ancient Rome   Roman calendar

Venus, as the ancestress of the Julian house, is made to hasten the sun's setting on April 15th.
Sir James George Frazer (1854 - 1941), The Golden Bough1922

Let Tellus, fertile in fruits and herds, present Ceres with a crown of wheat stalks; let the healthy waters and breezes of Jupiter nourish the offspring.
Horace, Carm. Saec. 29 - 32

Donner Party

Donner Party, 1846

The robin and the wren
Are God almighty's cock and hen;
The martin and the swallow
Are God almighty's bow and arrow.
Warwickshire saying; today is Swallow Day, England

When the cuckoo comes to the bare thorn,
Sell your cow, and buy your corn;
But when she comes to the full bit,
Sell your corn and buy your sheep.
English saying

The willow weeping o'er the fatal wave,
Where many a lover finds a watery grave.

Charles Churchill, English satirical poet (1731 - 1764)

"Well, if I'm nothing but a poor maid's child
Born in an ox's stall
I'll make you believe in your latter end
That I'm an angel above you all" 
And so he built him a bridge with the rays of the sun
Over the river ran he
Them three rich lords' sons, they followed him
And it's drowned they were all three
And it's up the hill and it's down the hill
Three weeping mothers ran
Saying, "Mary mild, take home your child
For ours he's drowned each one" 
And so it's Mary mild, she took home her child
She laid him across her knee
And it's with a switch of the bitter withy
Why she's given him slashes three
Oh, bitter withy, oh, bitter withy
You caused me to smart
And now the willow shall be the very first tree
Gonna perish at the heart.

'The Bitter Withy', medieval Christian ballad; Jesus curses the willow, after three sons of rich lords refused to play ball with him   Source

There is a willow grows ascaunt the brook, 
That shows his hoar leaves in the glassy stream.
Therewith fantastic garlands did she make
Of crow-flowers, nettles, daisies, and long purples,
That liberal shepherds give a grosser name,
But our cold maids do dead men's fingers call them.
There on the pendant boughs her crownet weeds
Clamb'ring to hang, an envious sliver broke,
When down her weedy trophies and herself
Fell in the weeping brook. Her clothes spread wide,
And mermaid-like a while they bore her up;
Which time she chanted snatches of old lauds,
As one incapable of her own distress,
Or like a creature native and indued
Unto that element. But long it could not be
Till that her garments, heavy with their drink,
Pulled the poor wretch from her melodious lay
To muddy death.

Ophelia, in Shakespeare's Hamlet 

The poor soul sat sighing by a sycamore tree,
Sing all a green willow:
Her hand on her bosom, her head on her knee,
Sing willow, willow, willow:
The fresh streams ran by her, and murmur'd her moans;
Sing willow, willow, willow;
Her salt tears fell from her, and soften'd the stones;
Sing willow, willow, willow;
Prithee, hie thee; he'll come anon:–
Sing all a green willow must be my garland.

Desdemona in Shakespeare's Othello

Mie love ys dedde,
Gon to hys deathe-bedde,
Al under the wyllowe tree.

Thomas Chatterton, English poet

The first object of the painter is to make a flat plane appear as a body in relief and projecting from that plane.
Leonardo da Vinci, born on April 15, 1452

While I thought that I was learning how to live, I have been learning how to die.
Leonardo da Vinci; Notebooks 

Moral philosophy is nothing else but the science of what is good, and evil, in the conversation, and society of mankind. Good, and evil, are names that signify our appetites, and aversions; which in different tempers, customs, and doctrines of men, are different.
Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher, author of Leviathan, born on April 15, 1588

No arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death: and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.
Thomas Hobbes;
Leviathan Ch. 13

Stay a little longer, Monsieur le Curé, and we will go together.
Last words of Madame de Pompadour (died at Versailles on April 15, 1764), French courtier and mistress of Louis XV. Spoken to the curé of the Madeleine, who had called to see her, and was taking his leave, as she seemed just about to expire.

Dictionaries are like watches. The worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.
Samuel Johnson, English lexicographer, whose influential Dictionary was first published on April 15, 1755

Adversity is the state in which man mostly easily becomes acquainted with himself, being especially free of admirers then.
Samuel Johnson

When I was as you are now, towering in the confidence of twenty-one, little did I suspect that I should be at forty-nine, what I now am.
Samuel Johnson

The applause of a single human being is of great consequence.
Samuel Johnson

They that have grown old in a single state are generally found to be morose, fretful and captious; tenacious of their own practices and maxims; soon offended by contradiction or negligence; and impatient of any association but with those that will watch their nod, and submit themselves to unlimited authority.
Samuel Johnson

Do not accustom yourself to consider debt only as an inconvenience. You will find it a calamity.
Samuel Johnson

Such is the state of life, that none are happy but by the anticipation of change: the change itself is nothing; when we have made it, the next wish is to change again. The world is not yet exhausted; let me see something tomorrow which I never saw before.
Samuel Johnson

Depend upon it that if a man talks of his misfortunes there is something in them that is not disagreeable to him.
Samuel Johnson

Those who attain to any excellence commonly spend life in some single pursuit, for excellence is not often gained upon easier terms.
Samuel Johnson

He that would be superior to external influences must first become superior to his own passions.
Samuel Johnson

It matters not how a man dies, but how he lives. The act of dying is not of importance, it lasts so short a time.
Samuel Johnson

What we hope ever to do with ease, we must learn first to do with diligence.
Samuel Johnson

He that pursues fame with just claims, trusts his happiness to the winds; but he that endeavours after it by false merit, has to fear, not only the violence of the storm, but the leaks of his vessel.
Samuel Johnson

I look upon every day to be lost, in which I do not make a new acquaintance.
Samuel Johnson

The superiority of some men is merely local. They are great because their associates are little.
Samuel Johnson  

To strive with difficulties, and to conquer them, is the highest human felicity.
Samuel Johnson

Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel.
Samuel Johnson

More Johnson quotations  

But if you'd fill your glorious part,
And glance upon your work with pride,
An image true or Meagher impart,
Oh, place a shamrock o'er his heart –
For it he lived, for it he died.
Thomas Meagher, Irish nationalist, who presented the tricolor national flag of Ireland on April 15, 1848

Last night we had an informal conference with the ILP leaders. Ramsay MacDonald and Frank Smith (who are members both of the Fabians and the ILP) have been for some time harping on the desirability of an understanding between the two societies. To satisfy them Sidney (Webb) arranged a little dinner of Keir Hardie, Tom Mann, Edward Pease and George Bernard Shaw and the two intermediaries. I think the principals on either side felt it would come to nothing. Nevertheless, it was interesting.
   Tom Mann said the Progressives on the LCC were not convinced Socialists. No one should get the votes of the ILP who did not pledge himself to the 'Nationalisation of the Means of Production'. Keir Hardie, who impressed me very unfavourably, deliberately chooses this policy as the only one which he can boss. His only chance of leadership lies in the creation of an organisation "against the government"; he knows little and cares less for any constructive thought or action. But with Tom Mann it is different. He is possessed with the idea of a 'church' - of a body of men all professing exactly the same creed and all working in exact uniformity to exactly the same end. No idea which is not 'absolute', which admits of any compromise or qualification, no adhesion which is tempered with doubt, has the slightest attraction to him. And, as Shaw remarked, he is deteriorating. This stumping the country, talking abstractions and raving emotions, is not good for a man's judgment, and the perpetual excitement leads, among other things, to too much whisky.

Beatrice Webb, on Tom Mann, British labour activist born on April 25, 1856; diary entry, January 23, 1895

The future of the world belongs to the youth of the world, and it is from the youth and not from the old that the fire of life will warm and enlighten the world. It is your privilege to breathe the breath of life into the dry bones of many around you. Go forth and achieve.
Tom Mann; AEU Journal, January 1921

[Tom Mann's] knowledge and charm of manner are equal to his marvellous vitality. Moreover, of all the labour leaders I have ever met, Tom Mann is the one who, however successful he may be, puts on the least 'side'. After a speech has roused his audience to the highest pitch of almost hysterical enthusiasm, down Tom will step from the chair in the open air or from the platform in the hall, and take names for the branch or organisation - and sell literature to all and sundry as if he were the least-considered person at the gathering. Even those who differ most widely from him cannot but respect him, for he has assuredly gained nothing personally by his stupendous efforts. 
HM Hyndman; Further Reminiscences, p. 464

Some people say they haven't yet found themselves. But the self is not something one finds; it is something one creates.
Thomas Szasz, Hungarian-born psychiatrist and author (The Myth of Mental Illness), born on April 15, 1920

I never felt scandal and confession were necessary to be an actress. I've never revealed my self or even my body in films. Mystery is very important.
Claudia Cardinale, Italian actress, born on April 15, 1938

If you're not English, you're a foreigner – so you must be sexy. It's an old British cliche.
Claudia Cardinale

As for me, I've chosen; I will be on the side of crime. And I'll help children not to gain entrance into your houses, your factories, your laws and holy sacraments, but to violate them.
Jean Genet, French novelist who died on April 15, 1986

But now I am afraid. The signs pursue me and I pursue them patiently. They are bent on destroying me. Didn't I see, on my way to court, seven sailors on the terrace of a cafe, questioning the stars through seven mugs of light beer as they sat around a table that perhaps turned; then, a messenger boy on a bicycle who was carrying a message from god to god, holding between his teeth, by the metal handle, a round, lighted lantern, the flame of which, as it reddened his face, also heated it? So pure a marvel that he was unaware of being a marvel. Circles and globes haunt me: oranges, Japanese billiard balls, Venetian lanterns, jugglers' hoops, the round ball of the goalkeeper who wears a jersey. I shall have to establish, to regulate, a whole internal astronomy.
Jean Genet

I never said, "I want to be alone." I only said, "I want to be left alone." There is all the difference.
Greta Garbo, who died on April 15, 1990

Today we have done what we had to do. If necessary, we shall do it again.
US President Roland Reagan, after ordering the pre-dawn bombing of Libyan President Gaddafi's house, killing only the dictator's infant daughter on April 15, 1986

The West won the world not by the superiority of its ideas or values or religion but rather by its superiority in applying organized violence. Westerners often forget this fact; non-Westerners never do.
Samuel P Huntington

 

 

 

April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (106th in leap years), with 260 days remaining.
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Click for more Celtic Tree Calendar from Wilson's Almanac Book of DaysCeltic tree month of Saille (Willow) (Apr 15 - May 12) commences

Like other Iron Age Europeans, the Celts were a polytheistic people prior to their conversion to (Celtic) Christianity. The Celts divided the year into 13 lunar cycles (months or moons). These were linked to specific sacred trees which gave each moon its name. Today commences the Celtic tree month of Willow.

"The Willow is traditionally associated with witchcraft, so strongly in fact that the words wicker (meaning willow, reed or osier), wicked and witch are etymologically related. Known as the Tree of Enchantment, it is the tree of growth of lunar power and water. Linking and harmonizing to the phases of the moon. Branches of the willow are often uses as divining rods, especially for 'water witching'.   

"The traditional witches' besom is made of three woods, Birch twigs for the broom, Willow to bind them together and to hold them to an Ash Stake. 

"Called helice in Greek, it gave its name to Helicon, the abode of the Muses.

"Helygenn is Cornish for willow, and the Goidelic (Irish/Scots/Manx languages).  Saille is related to the Latin name Salix.  The alleged Druidic sacrifices, as described by Strabo and Caesar, were supposed to have imprisoned their victims in a huge figure made of wickerwork.  The Latin name 'weeping willow' refers to the psalm in which Hebrews mourn their captivity in Babylon by the willows. 

"Traditional British folklore, as in the well known song 'All around my hat, I will wear the green willow' commemorates the Willow's ancient significance as a symbol of the rejected or disappointed lover, it was originally intended as a charm and invocation to the Goddess.  Its leaves and bark yield salic acid, a principal component of aspirin, and they were infused since early times to relieve cramps."
Source: Tree Totems and Birchfire's Herbs

 

Willow"The month of Saille begins on April 15th and ends on May 12th. Its symbols are white birds, especially doves, and mist.  It is a time of springtime enchantments and Moon-magic, as well as intuition and wisdom. Symbolized by Arianrhod (literally 'Silver Wheel') who conceives Lugh, the Sun god, through magic.

"Since the Willow makes its home around swamps, streams and other watery areas she is associated with the moon which governs water. She is also representative of the female and earthly cycles, the rhythms and the ebb and flow of the earth's waters. Because of her lunar connections she brings an ability to see through dreams and give night visions.

"The willow, considered a tree of enchantment, symbolizes the subconscious, intuition, and is good for psychic work. In ancient times this tree was associated with death. In Northern Europe, the words witch and wicked are derived from the name of the Willow. In Celtic mythology it is associated with the creation myth of two scarlet sea serpent eggs which contained the Sun and the Earth. These eggs were hidden in the boughs of the Willow tree until they hatched, thus bringing forth earthly life."
Source: Crystal Forest

 

Willow and aspirin

Hippocrates, a Greek for whom the Hippocratic Oath is named, wrote in the 5th Century BCE about a bitter powder extracted from willow bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fevers. This remedy is also mentioned in texts from ancient Sumeria, Egypt and Assyria. Native American Indians used it for headaches, fever, sore muscles, rheumatism, and chills. The Reverend Edmund Stone, a vicar from Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire England, noted in 1763 that the bark of the willow was effective in reducing a fever, but his reasoning for that was very much in error.

The active extract of the bark, called salicin, after the Latin name for the white willow (Salix alba), was isolated to its crystaline form in 1828 by Henri Leroux, a French pharmacist, and Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist, who then succeeded in separating out the acid in its pure state. Salicin is highly acidic when in a saturated solution with water (pH = 2.4), and is called salicylic acid for that reason. Salicylic acid's systematic name is 2-hydroxybenzoic acid.

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia

 

British willow lore

The willow is known as the sad tree. People who have lost their love placed mourning garlands on a willow, and exiles hung their harp on them. The hanging branches were used to thrash bad kids (hence the curse of Jesus in the quotation at the head of this page), and according to an old English saying, "The twigs are physick to drive out the folly of children."

It grows fast: in Cambridge, England, where it was called the Cambridge oak, the old saying was "The profit by willows will buy the owner a horse before that by other trees will pay for his saddle". 

Another saying had it that "If green ash may burn before a queen, withered willows may burn before a lady." "She is in her willows" implies the mourning of a female for her lost mate.

There are more than 50 British willows. Salix pentandria was used in Yorkshire for making baskets. The best is the Bitter purple willow, Salix purpurea. Bark of Salix alba, Common or white willow, was used to tan leather and to dye yarn a cinnamon colour. The inner bark could be ground into a bread-making flour. Willow boughs were used on Palm Sunday instead of palms. The wood of willow is still used for tool handles. It used to furnish shoemakers with their cutting boards and whetting boards to hone knives. Weeping willow, Salix babylonica, native of Lebanon, was not grown in England till 1730. It actually weeps little drops of water, as well as having a drooping habit. 

The herbaceous willow, Salix herbacea, is about 2-3 inches tall, though it is a tree. 

Based on Hone, William, The Every-Day Book, or a Guide to the Year, William Tegg and Co., London, 1878, 540

 

Celtic Tree Calendar Months
Beth
 Birch  Dec 24 - Jan 20
Luis  Rowan  Jan 21 - Feb 17
Nuin/Nion  Ash  Feb 18 - Mar 17
Fearn  Alder  Mar 18 - Apr 14
Saille  Willow  Apr 15 - May 12
Huath  Hawthorn  May 13 - Jun 9
Duir  Oak  Jun 10 - Jul 7
Tinne  Holly  Jul 8 - Aug 4
Coll  Hazel  Aug 5 - Sep 1
Muin  Vine  Sep 2 - 29
Gort  Ivy  Sep 30 - Oct 27
Ngetal  Reed  Oct 28 - Nov 24
Ruis  Elder  Nov 25 - Dec 22
Secret of the Unhewn Stone Dec 23

(This is the blank day in this calendar, the one day of the year that is not ruled by a tree and its corresponding Ogham alphabet character. Its name denotes the quality of potential in all things.)


The Celtic Tree Calendar

Michael Vescoli


Celtic Astrology
Phyllis Vega

 

 

 

 

 

More at the Book of Days

Celtic Tree Month Information  

Celtic Tree Calendar - Ogham Alphabet

What is the Celtic Tree Calendar?

More on the Celtic Tree Calendar  

What is the Goddess Calendar?

    

Australian weeping willows

It is said that all the weeping willow trees in Australia are descended from cuttings taken from four trees that surround Napoleon's grave on St Helena. Read more, August 18 (Feast day of St Helena) in the Book of Days.

 

 

TellusThe Fordicia (Fordicalia; Fordicidia; Hordicidia) festival, ancient Rome, in honour of Tellus (Terra)

Goddess Tellus (pictured), Mother Earth; other names include Gaia or Gaeia. Besides the female deity, a god Tellumo, her male counterpart, was also worshipped today.

The Italian deity of mother-earth was often called Tellus Mater. She was seen as the goddess of the earth, fertility, motherhood and pregnant women. She had a temple (Aedes Telluris), dedicated on December 13, 268 BCE, on the Esquiline Hill near the Templum Pax (Temple of Peace) on the Forum Pacis. Tellus was invoked during earthquakes, because her temple had been dedicated in consequence of an earthquake that occurred during a battle with the Picentes.

The Roman scholar, Varro (Marcus Terentius Varro; 116 BCE - 27 BCE), mentions Tellus in Lingua Latina V, and his pagan view is disposed of by St Augustine of Hippo, thus, in his City of God, Book VII, Chapters 23 and 24 (quoted here at some length because of the light cast on ancient rites for Tellus and Tellumo):

Chapter 23.—Concerning the Earth, Which Varro Affirms to Be a Goddess, Because that Soul of the World Which He Thinks to Be God Pervades Also This Lowest Part of His Body, and Imparts to It a Divine Force.

Surely the earth, which we see full of its own living creatures, is one; but for all that, it is but a mighty mass among the elements, 135 and the lowest part of the world. Why, then, would they have it to be a goddess? Is it because it is fruitful? Why, then, are not men rather held to be gods, who render it fruitful by cultivating it; but though they plough it, do not adore it? ...

Moreover, the ether is His [God's] mind; and by the virtue which is in it, which penetrates into the stars, it also makes them gods; and because it penetrates through them into the earth, it makes it the goddess Tellus ...

What I am to say is this: Since the earth is one, why has not that part of the soul of the world which permeates the earth made it that one goddess which he calls Tellus? ... Let this further question be answered: What part of the earth does a part of the soul of the world permeate in order to make the god Tellumo? No, says he; but the earth being one and the same, has a double life,—the masculine, which produces seed, and the feminine, which receives and nourishes the seed. Hence it has been called Tellus from the feminine principle, and Tellumo from the masculine.

Chapter 24.—Concerning the Surnames of Tellus and Their Significations, Which, Although They Indicate Many Properties, Ought Not to Have Established the Opinion that There is a Corresponding Number of Gods. 

The one earth, then, on account of this fourfold virtue, ought to have had four surnames, but not to have been considered as four gods,--as Jupiter and Juno, though they have so many surnames, are for all that only single deities,--for by all these surnames it is signified that a manifold virtue belongs to one god or to one goddess; but the multitude of surnames does not imply a multitude of gods. But as sometimes even the vilest women themselves grow tired of those crowds which they have sought after under the impulse of wicked passion, so also the soul, become vile, and prostituted to impure spirits, sometimes begins to loathe to multiply to itself gods to whom to surrender itself to be polluted by them, as much as it once delighted in so doing. For Varro himself, as if ashamed of that crowd of gods, would make Tellus to be one goddess. "They say," says he, "that whereas the one great mother has a tympanum, it is signified that she is the orb of the earth; whereas she has towers on her head, towns are signified; and whereas seats are fixed round about her, it is signified that whilst all things move, she moves not. And their having made the Galli to serve this goddess, signifies that they who are in need of seed ought to follow the earth for in it all seeds are found. By their throwing themselves down before her, it is taught," he says, "that they who cultivate the earth should not sit idle, for there is always something for them to do. The sound of the cymbals signifies the noise made by the throwing of iron utensils, and by men's hands, and all other noises connected with agricultural operations; and these cymbals are of brass, because the ancients used brazen utensils in their agriculture before iron was discovered. They place beside the goddess an unbound and tame lion, to show that there is no kind of land so wild and so excessively barren as that it would be profitless to attempt to bring it in and cultivate it." Then he adds that, because they gave many names and surnames to mother Tellus, it came to be thought that these signified many gods. "They think," says he, "that Tellus is Ops, because the earth is improved by labor; Mother, because it brings forth much; Great, because it brings forth seed; Proserpine, because fruits creep forth from it; Vesta, because it is invested with herbs. And thus," says he, "they not at all absurdly identify other goddesses with the earth." If, then, it is one goddess (though, if the truth were consulted, it is not even that), why do they nevertheless separate it into many? Let there be many names of one goddess, and let there not be as many goddesses as there are names. 

But the authority of the erring ancients weighs heavily on Varro, and compels him, after having expressed this opinion, to show signs of uneasiness; for he immediately adds, "With which things the opinion of the ancients, who thought that there were really many goddesses, does not conflict." How does it not conflict, when it is entirely a different thing to say that one goddess has many names, and to say that there are many goddesses? But it is possible, he says, that the same thing may both be one, and yet have in it a plurality of things. I grant that there are many things in one man; are there therefore in him many men? In like manner, in one goddess there are many things; are there therefore also many goddesses? But let them divide, unite, multiply, reduplicate, and implicate as they like. 

These are the famous mysteries of Tellus and the Great Mother, all of which are shown to have reference to mortal seeds and to agriculture. Do these things, then,--namely, the tympanum, the towers, the Galli, the tossing to and fro of limbs, the noise of cymbals, the images of lions,--do these things, having this reference and this end, promise eternal life? Do the mutilated Galli, then, serve this Great Mother in order to signify that they who are in need of seed should follow the earth, as though it were not rather the case that this very service caused them to want seed? For whether do they, by following this goddess, acquire seed, being in want of it, or, by following her, lose seed when they have it? Is this to interpret or to deprecate? Nor is it considered to what a degree malign demons have gained the upper hand, inasmuch as they have been able to exact such cruel rites without having dared to promise any great things in return for them. Had the earth not been a goddess, men would have, by laboring, laid their hands on it in order to obtain seed through it, and would not have laid violent hands on themselves in order to lose seed on account of it. Had it not been a goddess, it would have become so fertile by the hands of others, that it would not have compelled a man to be rendered barren by his own hands; nor that in the festival of Liber an honorable matron put a wreath on the private parts of a man in the sight of the multitude, where perhaps her husband was standing by blushing and perspiring, if there is any shame left in men; and that in the celebration of marriages the newly-married bride was ordered to sit upon Priapus. These things are bad enough, but they are small and contemptible in comparison with that most cruel abomination, or most abominable cruelty, by which either set is so deluded that neither perishes of its wound. There the enchantment of fields is feared; here the amputation of members is not feared. There the modesty of the bride is outraged, but in such a manner as that neither her fruitfulness nor even her virginity is taken away; here a man is so mutilated that he is neither changed into a woman nor remains a man.

Today's feast (held the Ides of Aprilis) was to ensure prosperity during the year, and was celebrated under the management of the pontifices and the Vestal Virgins, partly on the Capitol in the thirty curiae, and partly outside Rome. 

Thirty-one pregnant cows (fordae) were sacrificed in separate temples, the calf foetuses burned in sacrifice on the Vestals' sacred flame, in order to protect the farms (presumably, the fecundity of the cows passing into the soil at a season when the soil was pregnant with seeds), and the ashes saved for the Parilia festival when they were used by the Vestals for the purpose of purification (it was also customary to sacrifice a pregnant cow to Tellus as part of the wedding of a widow, just as it was usual to sacrifice a pig at the beginning of a marriage, and the pig was the preferred victim of Ceres*). This was the sixth day of the nine- or ten-day festival held in honour of Ceres, the goddess of agricultural, grains, etc, culminating in the Cerealia proper, on the 19th.

From January 24 to 26, the Sementivae was held in honour of Terra and Ceres. Ceres, in Roman Mythology, is equivalent to the Greek Demeter, and is a daughter of Saturn and Rhea, wife-sister of Jupiter, mother of Proserpina (Persephone), and patron of Sicily.

Tellus, says Pennick (whose authority is as good as anyone's, including that of ancient clergy), is the matron goddess of all environmentalists (Pennick, Nigel, The Pagan Book of Days, Destiny Books, Rochester, Vermont, USA, 1992). 

* "Varro claimed the pig represented the untouched sexual organs of the bride, and the sacrifice the consummation of the marriage. This is consistent with what else is known about Ceres' role in fertility and liminality. The similarity of Tellus' and Ceres' roles in marriage and fertility indicates some sort of unusually close relationship."   Source

Roman festivals and notable days in the Book of Days    Deities of many cultures in the Book of Days

 

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